ICE gasoline & diesel fueled vehicles idling get negative fuel economy like -1 MPG because the stopped vehicle not moving & burning fuel. At very low speeds 1-10 km per hour the typical car transmission never exists 1st or 2nd gear, so its worse case CITY fuel economy even when the vehicle creeping forwards to catch up to the bumper of the car in-front. Its in these situations that electric motor final drive superior efficiency as the electric motor can start & stop millions of times without any transmission and only consumes tiny amounts of battery energy stopping & starting in a traffic jam over & over again.
Low speeds is where fossil fuel vehicles get the worst fuel economy & have the worst emissions. This is why the fumes & smells of a traffic jam are chocked full of smog toxins that smell terrible & causes only negative effects on public health. Add in the brake dust, tire dust, diesel PM 2.5 from older non emission controlled heavy trucks & buses & SUV's without DEF or DPF filtering & catalytic reduction. Many older diesel vehicles were carburetor with a straight pipe off the exhaust header turbo charger dump into a resonator muffler to reduce exhaust sound levels, and are able to Coal Roll or blow out Hugh clouds of toxic black carbon soot particles with HC fumes that smells like burning plastic and harmful to lung and brain cells, the sinus, bronchial, eyes, nose & throat cells, membranes & surfaces in the respiratory track of humans as far as medical science can empirically demonstrated with physiology & toxicology evidence that diesel exhaust emissions harm public & environmental health so badly that VW was cheating to fake out emissions test with special software to cheat emissions testing equipment installed in many of their newer MY TDI vehicles and got caught in a scandal called Diesel-Gate.
The automakers could be using electric final drive like Toyota Hybrids, where the gasoline engine only helps when the battery & electric motor are weak while the electric motors are better when the gasoline motor weak. This is why Toyota bet big on Hybrid Electric, because battery electric vehicles suffer from Lithium Ion battery scarcity & a lack of L3 fast charging infrastructure that similar to a gas station fill-up for parents who both have to work full time to pay the bills who do not have a lot of time to sit around waiting for a public charging station recharge of an electric vehicle battery.
1MW Level 4 EV Charging to 80% in 10 minutes
I think L4 stations that are 1MW output will be needed by the millions to actually phase out ICE vehicles for large segments of the general public to actually buy & daily drive electric vehicles. Millions of Americans have no prospect of buying single family homes where they could easily use an extension cord in a regular power outlet to L1 charge an EV like a Nissan LEAF overnight from 7 pm till 6 am while their car is parked, or while they are parked at work for 5-12 hours, if there was a power outlet near their parking space at work where they could use the EV's included EVSE extension cord charging cable to slow L1 charge 2-4 miles per hour of battery charge while they are at work.
Nothing Matches an EVs Stop & Start Efficiency or Ease of Use
In an electric motor, battery energy used to produce moving magnetic fields so the stator bolted to the housing & vehicle frame can exert mechanical force on the rotor to turn the output shaft to perform work to rotate the wheels & propel the EV forward. While gliding or slowing down, the drive motor turns into a generator to recharge the EV's battery pack using energy that would have been wasted as heat scrubbing brake pads on a metal brake rotor in a conventional fossil fueled vehicles, a process technology called REGEN or regenerative braking or also known as One Pedal Driving, since many EV's have a mode where you can use only the throttle pedal to go from a stop to full speed & back to a stop without ever touching the brake pedal.
One Pedal Driving EV Mode
EV One Pedal driving can greatly reduce driver fatigue in stop & go traffic at the opposite beneficial extreme to some unfortunate soul driving a manual 5 or 6 speed transmission vehicle where they have to push the left food clutch in 700 + times to endure transiting the traffic jam. I had just such a 6 sp manual transmission vehicle and was stuck in traffic for hours with a badly sprained left ankle & wright wrist from an accident & actually traded that 2015 Honda CRz 6sp Manual Hybrid in our the 2015 Nissan LEAF so that I would be able to commute to & from work while receiving from my injuries which took months to resolve since I was unable to take unpaid time off & had no PTO at that job. I have a 2019 Nissan LEAF SV now, having sold my 05 Prius II to Meg's genetic dad Allan recently :)
Congested Donation Depots
I was watching a YouTube video about this universal recycling depot in western Germany where people can bring nearly anything for recycling & on Saturday when most people have the day off a line of 1500 cars forms just a few hours after opening. The drivers of these cars are bringing old appliances, old furniture, large items that would not fit in their normal domestic recycling or trash cans at home or near their homes, so they drive mostly in fossil fueled vehicles but then have to endure being in a long line of other cars for hours to wait their turn to donate working decent goods to the depot.
S-curve Stop & Go Traffic I405 South near Renton, Wa, USA
Thinking about stop & go traffic on the S curves of I405 S near Seattle during peak traffic where a route that takes 20 min without traffic takes 75 min with traffic and the traffic goes from 70 mph to 0 mph & back to 70 over & over again. I am surprised there are not more accidents on interstate 405 between Bellevue & Renton, Wa, USA.
Electric Motors Robust & Simple
Consider the simplicity of the electric motor with only one main moving part the rotor. The motor housing contains insulated copper windings precision wrapped around laminated metal sheet assemblies bolted together in the housing where large robust bearings on both ends of the rotor shaft connect the rotor to the housing so a very tight gap between the stator & rotor achieved that improves energy efficiency & performance of the motor. This is what most EV motors are like.
Sandy Monroe and associates estimates that the Tesla Model 3 motor drive unit will last 50 years & more than 3 million miles, long after the aforementioned vehicles batter pack has faded its way into a secondary grid energy Solar PV stationary storage battery shipping container application or for recycling.
Axial vs Induction & IPM Motors
There are better emerging axial designs that take inspiration from brushless DC computer cooling fan designs called RAXIAL at Koenigsegg for example where the windings are circularly arrayed as wrapped magnetic core columns around the main axes of rotation such that they are perpendicular to the spinning output rotor inside of which are circularly arrayed magnetic. These are called inside out motors in drones that have similar designs. AXIAL motors have better efficiency & lower mass so higher performance, but are much newer and need more refinement & time for ideological diffusion & adoption into the worlds automakers. So we will stick to the AC induction motor & IPM or internal permanent magnet motors used by Tesla & in the Nissan LEAF & Chevy Bolt & even in Toyota's Hybrid Synergy Drive Vehicles ;)
EV's Batteries The Only Weak Point
It's early, the Wild West with BEV's or battery electric vehicles. Consider that Nissan since 2011 has only sold 500,000+ LEAF electric passenger cars, while the rest of the automakers moved hundreds of millions of vehicles over the same period. This means EV sales are a single digit percentage of all new vehicles sold & these ideas of banning gasoline engine vehicles by 2035 only applies for that model year in some countries. This means that transpiration energy will need gasoline, diesel, DME, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th & 5th generation biofuels, GTL or natural gas to gasoline fuels by Shell & other cleaner burning fuels like propane & butane & pentane / with propane like pressured tank fueling systems, while cheap $1/gal DME or dimethyl either pressured gas bottle fueling can be drop in adapted to existing turbo-diesel trucks, commercial trucks, industrial trucks & mining vehicles & ships & other huge engine vehicles, 2 stoke diesel engines, the largest diesel marine engines. South Korea uses DME in their commercial diesel vehicles, but in the USA the DEA block the use of DME as a transportation fuel because some clandestine drug labs use dimethyl either as a solvent to make illicit drugs, so its a controlled chemical with legal restrictions, though that does keep crack heads from steeling pressurized cylinders of anhydrous ammonia from some farming operations.
There will always be people who want drugs. This is why the war on drugs insane. We need more personal accountability, not draconian anti-freedom laws & insane militarized DEA operations. Druggies need help, a social worker & psychological help from a therapist or counselor so they can figure out why the person abusing drugs & help the person to stop abusing drugs & to become a functional member of society through rehabilitation. I think anyone can be redeemed from being bad to being good with enough edification & help from others.
Lithium Ion Battery Electric Vehicles
Even the water cooled battery packs of Tesla Model 3 subject to fading & capacity loss or loss of range per charge over time. Tesla says the Model 3 pack can retain 70% of its initial capacity after 150,000 miles of driving or 10 years of operating. Nissan gives the LEAF SV an 8 year battery warranty. Chevy gives a 10 year battery warranty to the BOLT. Everyone knows from their smartphone battery fading that lithium ion batteries lose their ability to hold a charge over time. The automotive grade batteries are stronger & more robust or longer lasting than the fragile LiPo used in most consumer electronics, but EV batteries still fade. Thankfully in stationary applications where battery mass of almost no importance, where even big LEAD batteries used by utility companies for grid power stabilization in some locals, old EV batteries increasingly used to store Solar PV energy in whole home battery packs made of old EV batteries. These secondary applications for used old EV's batteries better than recycling because they extract more useful work from the batteries before they need recycling end of life. Think like a business and use stuff till its dead, then fix it and keep using it. Think less wasteful & more efficient!
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