Hybrid electric fuel cell CIGS solar battery electric passenger aircraft, where the energy density, power density, temperate sensitivity, pressure sensitivity, cycle life, cell mass, pack mass, charge & discharge rates, calendar life, presents safety problems with lithium battery chemistry commercially available.
Carbon fiber wrapped aluminum high pressure tanks with NH3, H2, DME, Propane, Butane, CNG, LNG, Methanol, Ethanol // there are many different fuel-cell electricity generating technologies that can work high uptime commercial aircraft application as the prime mover energy source.
Long life electrodes in fuel cells need to be made with iridium, platinum, titanium, carbon & exotic manufacturing techniques that are complicated & expensive like vacuum bag autoclave slow part making but worse in CVD & E-Beam processes & slow precise electroplating.
The platinum content of the Toyota Mirai fuel cell stack for example exceeds the rare earth & noble metal use in automotive catalytic converters, which in OEM examples cost thousands each. Figuring out how to get the same long-life performance with less platinum required the use of advanced 8th generation electrically conductive ceramics with nano particles of platinum.
Noble metal matrix electrodes made with zirconia ceramics, doped with rare earths like cerium and rare expensive metals rhodium, palladium, and platinum nano particles slurry coated in vacuum onto the ceramics, with silicon carbide emerging as one of the longest lasting, while even nano-diamond battery anodes exist, as do silicon nano-wire battery electrodes.
There are exotic, expensive & really cool technologies that are made in low volume for aerospace applications, but mass producing affordable high-performance long-lasting versions of those technologies to make the world a better place requires significantly more innovation, investment & problem solving.
Lithium Sulfur & Lithium Air poised technologies for passenger electric aircraft, where the fuel cell stack electricity charges the batteries while also powering the electric turbine hybrid electric turbofan engines that can run on jet fuel for takeoff peak power performance, then switch to electric while cruising, when descending, and when coming in for a landing.
There are many modes or ways the hybrid electric turbofan can act as a wind power generator to recharge the propulsion batteries. So the engine makers have to make a 400v or 800v or 1200v electric motor with mass reduction technology like the 88lbs Dark Energy motor from Koenigsegg, but as a thinner cylinder that can axil shaft mounted into the turbofan core to act as the starter, alternator, generator, boost, and prime mover, using electricity made from the Fuel Cell Stacks and energy storage battery packs.
What about obese people with heavy luggage? Hybrid electric passenger aircraft will probably be used to flights less than 1500 NMI or nautical miles. Conventional advanced aircraft like Boeing 787 already use 60% less fuel.
Top surfaces of passenger hybrid electric aircraft need CIGS Cadmium Indium Gallium Selenide solar PV epoxy bonded to the carbon fiber shell. This way any sunlight hitting the top surface of the aircraft create heat for deicing and PV energy to charge the batteries & power the hybrid turbofan motors to reduce jet fuel use further, lowering the operating costs even more than the added costs of integrating the strong durable long-lasting flexible CIGS technology that is typically used in Space Satellite power systems to make energy to charge the satellite batteries & power the satellite electronics, radios & other equipment to keep the parts super cold or super warm.
No throwing out Jet Fuel, but we can make renewable jet fuel with biofuel technology, GTL fuel or synthetic fuel from coal gasification, biogas, and natural gas, cheaply at industrial quantities using well establishing high volume petrochemical processing technologies already and long ago widely available and highly refined.
Say it with me, Shell GTL fuels, syngas, synfuels, made with the Fischer Tropsch reactions developed to give Germany war time fuel during WWII, since Germany did not have abundant crude oil or petroleum resources to mine or pump out of the ground.
Synthetic fuels are already available, and have superior chemical purity, are cleaner burning, have longer shelf life, have more energy, make engines last longer, make engine oil life last longer, are more like propane or natural gas in terms of combustion cleanliness, with a clean blue flame like ethanol that does not coke the valve seats with carbon deposits like conventional unleaded gasoline made from crude oil, especially in GDI engines or gasoline engine with direct injection & often also turbocharged, where an additional intake injector port utilized for valve seat washing port fuel injection that sprays pulses of fresh gasoline that flush & keep the valve seats clean, so the valves can close all the way to maintain good compression.
Synthetic fuels cost more to make than conventional fuels & only sell well in markets where gasoline or petrol sells for more than $2 per liter or $8/ gal. In the future when crude oil resources have been widely depleted, coal, biomass, and natural gas will be made using GTL technology into liquid transportation fuels of many kinds & grades & specifications.
The coolest part about synthetic gasoline is that when stored in airtight plastic bottles the shelf life more than 10 years like diesel fuel. Today common E10 gasoline starts to foul or oxidize forming strings of waxy alkane threads, fuel oxidation end products that must be filtered out of gasoline, especially if it is to be used in small engines with carburetors.
Foul gas will clog a carburetor easily with varnish deposits of the same chemicals that make the alkane waxy threads. Moreover, the E10 contains hygroscopic ethanol that attracts water into the fuel, and water in the fuel can cause rusting or corrosion of the jet nozzle in carburetors & even the injector valves in fuel injection and can damage the fuel pump in the sealed pressurized vehicle gasoline or petrol tank. This is why I put red colored Fuel Stabilizer in my gas cans & only fill them with E0 or ethanol free gasoline.
We will have hundreds of years of transportation fuels to refuel all the antique vehicles that run on gasoline being made & sold today, and from the past, and in the future. There is no way that BEV or battery electric vehicles will ever achieve 100% market share in all countries worldwide. Gasoline in one form or another will be around until our grandchildren's grandchildren are old & wise.
No comments:
Post a Comment