Many automotive Li-Ion batteries hindered by thermal sensitivity because of the flammable electrolyte solvents & side reaction prone salts that degrade energy storage capacity rapidly if the cells are heated above 35C or around 100F while cycling during use driving or regen energy capture charge or fast DC charging on L3 or L4 public charging stations.
Replacing the flammable limited option expensive electrolyte & salts with solid polymer enables much longer range per charge with far greater energy density batteries at lower cost per kWh of capacity and greatly improve fire safety.
At Tesla the preeminent BEV battery electric vehicle manufacturer a Model S prototype recently traveled 750 mi on a single charge using a newer dry cell 4680 innovative reduction in copper, cobalt, lithium & nickel, using more aluminum, titanium current collection & a mixture of silicon & carbon in the anode.
Porsche new 800mi per charge EV battery uses solid polymer electrolyte that also acts as the anode & cathode separator, thereby improving energy density of the new battery cell technology for upcoming BEV soon to launch by Porsche as a premium electric performance car or SUV.
Toyota working with Panasonic, NGK, Kyocera, and Yamaha working on a combination of EV enhancing technologies from solid-state ALIB automotive lithium-ion batteries, to greatly improved polyphase high power SiC switching electronics for the motor controller with enhance regenerative braking charging, and significantly the Axial Flux motor with greater flux density so higher power to weight ratio to make lower cost higher performance higher profit margin mass produced battery electric vehicles at lower price points to outcompete gasoline & diesel powered vehicles with lower upfront cost, lower operating cost, less maintenance, lower emissions, lower cost per mile, lower insurance cost, lower fire risk, enhanced driver & passenger safety, faster charging, higher performance & longer life batteries that are not damaged by high temperatures while charging, during high current regen, by hot ambient conditions where the vehicle operates like Pheonix AZ during hottest summer weather, or by fast acceleration current loading with face bending instant torque acceleration to 60 MPH or 100 KPH in less than 3 seconds.
Toyota says that half its vehicle lineup will be EV's by 2025 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Na-Ion will enable much cheaper EV batteries with similar performance to existing automotive LIB in Nissan LEAF or Chevy Bolt EUV or Equinox EV or Tesla Model 3 or Y for example.
Lithium & cobalt prices so high and fraught with supply chain problems & limitations that more nickel & aluminum content in newer EV batteries based on the NCA chemistry. Even LFP or lithium iron phosphate longer-life batteries are being made with higher energy density by using more aluminum, less copper, less iron, titanium replacing steel, silicon anode enhancements & similar battery chemistry tuning of the electrolyte solvent molecules & salts, with polymer stabilizers, side reaction inhibitors, separator film protectors, electrode corrosion inhibitors & other innovations that give the right balance of performance, safety, cell life, cycle life & cost.
With battery chemistry it is always balancing about 12 variables, so its possible to make batteries optimized for many different applications & price points, whether cost naive for Satellites or cost sensitive for affordable EV's, to power tools like electric chainsaws or brushless battery electric drills.
Na-ion the most important to make EV's abundantly & affordable for everyone. Sodium radically more abundant & much cheaper & much more widely available than Lithium or Cobalt, so we will see a lot of automobile battery technologies based on Sodium Ion technology.
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