Flow Batteries combine two tanks, two pumps, a power membrane, & are cheaper but heavier than lithium-ion batteries, but with TPPO a waste product from vitamin production, now not metallic flow batteries are on the horizon as the market for Flow Batteries expected to increase 15% to $737 million by 2030. Fluid tanks with electrolytic liquids, instead of metals like normal batteries, are heavier like jugs of fluid are heavier or more massive.
But all the problems with resource supply chain limitations of lithium & cobalt & nickel & copper & aluminum can be completely avoided with novel conductive polymer liquid flow batteries or novel solid polymer solid state sodium ion batteries & even cobalt-free batteries made without any cobalt are poised to be the next generation lithium-ion batteries.
These innovations are as much focused on storing solar & wind power as they are for whole home batteries for homes with rooftop solar PV panel systems. Flow batteries are not idle for vehicle use as the liquid sloshes around as the vehicle moves, but sodium ion, aluminum ion & magnesium ion batteries & metal air batteries that use oxygen as the cathode are other examples of emerging battery technologies with huge future market, able to sell trillions of dollars' worth worldwide when they are made of abundant materials like sodium.
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