Almost everyone knows that lithium-ion batteries fade and progressively lose their ability to hold a charge as they age and or cycle through many hundreds of cycles or several years in a smartphone for example, having experienced a smartphone battery failing after 3 to 5 years.
If an EV buyer spends $140,000 on a LUCID this or Tesla that, or RIVIAN this, they don't want to have to replace a $25,000 battery pack in 5 years. Automotive lithium-ion batteries are more robust than the versions used in laptops, tablets, smartphones, they have thicker stronger components & less energy density than the tiny one cell lithium polymer battery in your smart ring, smart watch or smartphone. The same can be said for chipset or SOC of smartphones, they have the chipsets with the smallest feature integrated circuits made to be the most power efficient, like the A17 in iPhone made by TSMC using ASML's latest deepest extreme ultraviolet lithography equipment.
If the EV manufactures claim 350 mi of range, that means 150kWh battery pack, but if you are talking about parking outside, driving up a mountain pass in winter worst case scenario, during blizzards, in sleet or ice storms, towing a boat or RV, then you only going to see 40% of that new battery range, that is with a newer battery, even during the first 10 years the battery capacity will shrink some from aging & cycling, even the stronger automotive lithium ion batteries decay, just 3X slower than the one in your phone.
PHEV like Rav4 Prime by Toyota
A much smaller 10kWh pack combined with an efficient gasoline engine tuned for low fuel consumption, though PSD power split device orbital gears that combine 2 electric motor generators with the engine then shaft output drives the wheels. HSD Toyotas hybrid system in Prius or Prime versions of PHEV does exactly this & that enables the ECU to tune for better fuel economy. Our 22 Corolla Hybrid for example is able to get up to 74 miles per gallon or 3.2 liters petrol per 100 kilometers using its Prius 3rd 4th gen derived HSD drivetrain with an automotive lithium ion battery & later 2ZR-FXE revision composite intake that insulate the engine block to keep it warmer longer for better thermal efficiency, vs the older aluminum intake that sucked heat away like a giant heat-sink before.
If we think about Lithium, Cobalt, Copper, Aluminum & Nickel used in EV batteries, it makes much more sense for mass producing low emission vehicles to go HEV & PHEV route to take advantage of synthetic gasoline made from natural gas & even gasified coal, car tires, biomass, dump gas, sour gas, waste gas, biogas, compost gas, swamp gas, or even gas collected from leaking old oil extraction pipes all over America, a leading source of leaking natural gas in the world. Tubes connected to those pipes could suck the leaking natural gas into a solar powered cryocooler LNG tank system of thousands of gallons, insulated vacuum double walled that can sit in the sun & still keep the LNG liquid cold, that would send a text message to a tanker truck when it was almost full to come collect the LNG to sell it to pay for the system. Using every method contrivable synthetic gasoline, diesel, jet fuel & engine lubricants can be made for over 1000 more years with renewable feedstock like used veggie oil.
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