Alternators make all vehicle engines power generators, the AC from the brushless alternator inductive motor generator rectified by an automatic voltage regulator that outputs many tens of amps of power at ~14.2 vdc to recharge the SLI 12vdc lead acid battery or AGM improved version of SLI, then the alternator provides direct current via the vehicles OBDII 12 vdc power buss, that can operate between 8 vdc and 16 vdc, but tends to operate between 10.5 vdc and 14.5 vdc in the real world.
12 vdc power system are common in boats, cars, trucks, SUV, ships, RV's and similar mobile power systems where 12 volts direct current the dominate electrical power solution even though a movement towards 48 vdc been long advocated to enable higher electrical power levels and smaller wires...
On-road Passenger Automobiles
A typical vehicle passenger vehicle requiring a driver's license to operate on public roadways, features an ICE or internal combustion engine, featuring 4, 6 or 8 pistons in cylinders, liquid cooled with water and glycol based coolant with corrosion inhibitors, electronic PWM fuel injected controlled by the vehicle ECU or engine control unit, which merges sensor data from many sensors like the MAF or Mass Air Flow sensor, crank angle sensor, knock sensor, O2 sensors, other thermistors and sensors that aid the ECU to match vehicle loads based on driver gas pedal power request, the slope of the hill the vehicle operates on, the air temperature, engine temperature, coolant and block and heat and exhaust temperature and the O2 exhaust temp before and O2 sensor exhaust temp after the catalytic converter.
When the engine started by DC current surging from the battery into the started motor, a spring-loaded cog gear engages the engines flywheel so that the fast-spinning starter motor cranks the engine until it starts operating during cold start.
4 Strokes
Intake as the intake valves in the engine head typically driven by a gear via a chain or belt spin opening the valve in concert with crank rotation and stroke position of the engines pistons, so that the engine sucks in air as the fuel injector sprays in a pulse width modulated dose of gasoline, then the piston moves upward as the intake valve spring slams closed sealing the fuel air mix in as the piston moves upward compressing the fuel air mixture.
Then after the piston reaches and slightly exceeds top dead center on its way back down the spark plug makes a hot arc from the computer controlled ignition HV system to ignite the fuel and air to generate heat and pressure to shove the piston down performing work to crank on the crank shaft like your legs cranking on bicycles pedals. This create rotational energy transmitted by the crank and transmission and driveshafts to the wheels and tires to move the vehicle.
The final stroke when the piston moves back up, the chain or belt driven exhaust cam lob engages the exhaust valve opening it to allow exhaust gas to exit in the exhaust header, then emissions controlled exhaust system, finally exiting the tailpipe after being cleaned up by the catalytic converter or air injection, into the atmosphere as mostly CO2 and water vapor with a trace amount of air pollutants like PM, HC or NOX.
Exhaust Note or Sounds
Most passenger cars or OEM motorcycles are very quiet, while race cars with straight pipes are very loud, but a balance can be achieved with an aftermarket exhaust system that increases exhaust noise a bit without being too loud, in what could be called an auditory tachometer so you can hear the engines RPM range by the sound of the exhaust note, even with ear plugs in your ears and wearing a full face helmet while riding your motorcycle.
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