Chemical Elements consist only of atoms that all have the same numbers of protons in their nuclei. The nucleus of an atom contains protons & neutrons & these are orbited by electron shells, with electrons balancing the number of protons.
Electron shells & presence of electrons in these shells & the fill ratio, incomplete or complete, the major factor influencing chemical properties of that element interacting with other elements, in addition to the size of the atom, the total number of protons (atomic number) & neutrons in the nucleus.
All chemical reactions are government by energy exchange of electrons between chemical elements either alone or in combination in chemical compounds made of many elements linked with chemical bonds. The number of protons & neutrons in the nuclear influence how tightly held the electron shells are & thus their availability to participate in different kinds of chemical reactions with other elements or chemical compounds, molecules, etc.
Unlike chemical compounds, chemical elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical reaction. If you dig deeper it turns out the subatomic particles comprise the electron, proton & neutrons; that is to say that each unit of an element made of smaller element of subatomic description in physics. Back to the chemistry of elements.
The number of protons in the nucleus is the defining property of an element, and is referred to as its atomic number (represented by the symbol Z) – all atoms with the same atomic number are atoms of the same element. Much of the modern understanding of elements developed from the work of Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist who published the first recognizable periodic table in 1869.
This table organizes the elements by increasing atomic number into rows ("periods") in which the columns ("groups") share recurring ("periodic") physical and chemical properties. The periodic table summarizes various properties of the elements, allowing chemists to derive relationships between them and to make predictions about compounds and potential new ones.
All of the baryonic (normal) matter of the universe is composed of chemical elements. When different elements undergo chemical reactions, atoms are rearranged into new compounds held together by chemical bonds. A small minority of elements, such as copper & gold, are found uncombined as relatively pure native element minerals in ecosystems in nature near the surface of land in the biosphere of Earth.
Chemical reactions are influenced by the temperature, pressure & volume of the reaction container in a relations called PV=T. So if you have a small cylinder with air & compress that air into a smaller volume inside the cylinder & thereby increase the pressure, the temperature will increase; think piston engines, diesel fuel cycle with higher compression ratios.
Compression based fire starters also work this way, with a wick inside the cylinder of flammable material that is ignited by the compression heated air made when you shove the compression piston down with good force. Electrically heating reaction vessels made of stainless steel or more commonly borosilicate glass chemistry glassware, tends to drive reactions forward by overcoming the energy of activation barrier, or minimum amount of heat energy needed to cause the precursors to react to produce the products.
Doing chemistry an applied art & science skill & craft with lots of nuances & methods, extensively detailed down to the point where hundreds of millions of chemically engineered products are now made, from concentrated uranium to polymer's that solidify I the presence of UV light from special LED flashlights & pictures used in resin printing or photopolymer epoxy glue :) I just got 100 g of such photo-expoxy on Amazon $14 USD2022 to work with my UV flashlight $10 USD2022.
Nearly all other naturally occurring elements occur in the Earth as compounds or mixtures. Air is primarily a mixture of the elements nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, but also carbon dioxide, methane, pollutants, particulate matter toxic to human lungs & water vapor & droplets in clouds & rain & snow as ice or snowflakes. A cloud in the sky can have a mass or weigh many thousand of kilograms. Water a relatively dense polar solvent & important in the human body & in ecosystems, land, deserts, oceans, wetlands, forests, in agriculture, for sanitation. Water H20 made of hydrogen gas H2 & oxygen gas O2 that reacted so that Oxygen could partially satisfy its outer orbital electron shell, though the remaining 2 electrons on the oxygen in water given the water molecule its bent shape & enable hydrogen bonding by making the molecule polar. This means the boiling point of water much higher than it would be based on its molecular composition like other similar solvents like ethanol.
The history of the discovery and use of the elements began with primitive human societies that discovered native minerals like carbon, sulfur, copper and gold. Attempts to classify materials such as these resulted in the concepts of classical elements, alchemy, and various similar theories throughout human history.
Modern Chemistry & Better Living Though Chemistry or BLTC
Fueled by petrochemical precursors & fuels like gasoline & diesel, hydrocarbon & carbon sources like methane & coal, the second industrial revolution in the early 20th century created an explosion of chemical engineering & applied chemistry in the petrochemical sector such that nearly all modern life & globalization would not be possible without crude oil or that black gold goo we drill & pump from the crust of Earth to fuel & energize society & civilization with oxygen natural oxidizer energized combustion of fuels in engines of all different kinds, mostly piston engines by the billion that emit tailpipe pollutants toxic to human lung & brain cells & because of the scale of coal & hydrocarbon combustion worldwide, also drive climate change faster & are causing air & water pollution problems to intensify continually.
We are turning the atmosphere into a polluted dystopian chemical waste dump with tailpipe emissions & everyone knows it! Extreme overdevelopment using oil based fuels also drove human population towards 10 billion & created ecosystem destruction that threatens food prices rising continually, poverty increasing & ecosystem degradation exacerbated by loss of ecosystem spaces & animal extinction caused by loss of natural places & human expansion into every area on Earth, even frozen inhospitable places like the South Pole to do core scientific research & other G10 classified government work //
Unlike chemical compounds, chemical elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical reaction. If you dig deeper it turns out the subatomic particles comprise the electron, proton & neutrons; that is to say that each unit of an element made of smaller element of subatomic description in physics. Back to the chemistry of elements.
The number of protons in the nucleus is the defining property of an element, and is referred to as its atomic number (represented by the symbol Z) – all atoms with the same atomic number are atoms of the same element. Much of the modern understanding of elements developed from the work of Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist who published the first recognizable periodic table in 1869.
This table organizes the elements by increasing atomic number into rows ("periods") in which the columns ("groups") share recurring ("periodic") physical and chemical properties. The periodic table summarizes various properties of the elements, allowing chemists to derive relationships between them and to make predictions about compounds and potential new ones.
All of the baryonic (normal) matter of the universe is composed of chemical elements. When different elements undergo chemical reactions, atoms are rearranged into new compounds held together by chemical bonds. A small minority of elements, such as copper & gold, are found uncombined as relatively pure native element minerals in ecosystems in nature near the surface of land in the biosphere of Earth.
Chemical reactions are influenced by the temperature, pressure & volume of the reaction container in a relations called PV=T. So if you have a small cylinder with air & compress that air into a smaller volume inside the cylinder & thereby increase the pressure, the temperature will increase; think piston engines, diesel fuel cycle with higher compression ratios.
Compression based fire starters also work this way, with a wick inside the cylinder of flammable material that is ignited by the compression heated air made when you shove the compression piston down with good force. Electrically heating reaction vessels made of stainless steel or more commonly borosilicate glass chemistry glassware, tends to drive reactions forward by overcoming the energy of activation barrier, or minimum amount of heat energy needed to cause the precursors to react to produce the products.
Doing chemistry an applied art & science skill & craft with lots of nuances & methods, extensively detailed down to the point where hundreds of millions of chemically engineered products are now made, from concentrated uranium to polymer's that solidify I the presence of UV light from special LED flashlights & pictures used in resin printing or photopolymer epoxy glue :) I just got 100 g of such photo-expoxy on Amazon $14 USD2022 to work with my UV flashlight $10 USD2022.
Nearly all other naturally occurring elements occur in the Earth as compounds or mixtures. Air is primarily a mixture of the elements nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, but also carbon dioxide, methane, pollutants, particulate matter toxic to human lungs & water vapor & droplets in clouds & rain & snow as ice or snowflakes. A cloud in the sky can have a mass or weigh many thousand of kilograms. Water a relatively dense polar solvent & important in the human body & in ecosystems, land, deserts, oceans, wetlands, forests, in agriculture, for sanitation. Water H20 made of hydrogen gas H2 & oxygen gas O2 that reacted so that Oxygen could partially satisfy its outer orbital electron shell, though the remaining 2 electrons on the oxygen in water given the water molecule its bent shape & enable hydrogen bonding by making the molecule polar. This means the boiling point of water much higher than it would be based on its molecular composition like other similar solvents like ethanol.
The history of the discovery and use of the elements began with primitive human societies that discovered native minerals like carbon, sulfur, copper and gold. Attempts to classify materials such as these resulted in the concepts of classical elements, alchemy, and various similar theories throughout human history.
Modern Chemistry & Better Living Though Chemistry or BLTC
Fueled by petrochemical precursors & fuels like gasoline & diesel, hydrocarbon & carbon sources like methane & coal, the second industrial revolution in the early 20th century created an explosion of chemical engineering & applied chemistry in the petrochemical sector such that nearly all modern life & globalization would not be possible without crude oil or that black gold goo we drill & pump from the crust of Earth to fuel & energize society & civilization with oxygen natural oxidizer energized combustion of fuels in engines of all different kinds, mostly piston engines by the billion that emit tailpipe pollutants toxic to human lung & brain cells & because of the scale of coal & hydrocarbon combustion worldwide, also drive climate change faster & are causing air & water pollution problems to intensify continually.
We are turning the atmosphere into a polluted dystopian chemical waste dump with tailpipe emissions & everyone knows it! Extreme overdevelopment using oil based fuels also drove human population towards 10 billion & created ecosystem destruction that threatens food prices rising continually, poverty increasing & ecosystem degradation exacerbated by loss of ecosystem spaces & animal extinction caused by loss of natural places & human expansion into every area on Earth, even frozen inhospitable places like the South Pole to do core scientific research & other G10 classified government work //
For a given chemical elements, if we change the number of Neutron in the nuclear, we get isotopes, important in Nuclear Physics in Nuclear Fission Electrical Power Production Reactors & Nuclear Medicine & Nuclear Processes used in manufacturing & agriculture, sterilization, material processing, density gages, & other specialized equipment, like tritium H3 isotope of hydrogen gas used in auto illuminators vials used in some wrist watch dials & gun sights.
Nuclear physics gets really interested when substances & elements are irradiate with alpha, beta & gamma & neutron radiation of different energy levels. This can be done with cyclotrons to make imaging enhancing isotope for medical imaging in CT & MRI or for cancer treatment with targeted radiation exposure to kill cancer cell clusters. Many new cancer treatment techniques are being developed with alpha emitters which drove my interest in the Americium241 ionization type smoke alarms & their little alpha emitting button that also shoves off gamma radiation & a CD cluster periodically, thankfully only 0.29 micrograms in each, ~37kBq of activity or about 0.1 micro currie of activity to ionize the air in the smoke trap, that if disrupted by smoke particles inhibits current flow in the 9v battery powered circuit that emits an audible tone to notify people nearby that smoke particles are flowing around in the air, usually from fire.
Look up "how an ionization type smoke alarm works" on YouTube like this
IONIZATION TYPE SMOKE ALARM
36,267 views
Significantly nuclear fission reactors using fuel element breeding can made renewable electricity 24/7 for 10 billion people for millions of years, using existing nuclear fission science & materials that we can extract from nature with electrically powered mining equipment after decarbonization causes the worldwide phaseout of combustion technology in ~50-400 years. Think nearly endless cheap clean base load electricity that works around the clock for everyone to use!
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