Hydrogen fueled, ammonia fueled, DME fuel, biofuels, methanol, ethanol, synthetic fuels like gasoline or diesel made from gasification of coal or from biogas or dump gas or natural gas, using FT reactions that Shell controls as a proprietary currently. Old plastic, used motor oil, old car tires, fart gas from cows, nearly any source of methane, ethane, hydrogen, hydrocarbon vapors, they can become polymerized synthetic fuels as drop in replacement for antique vehicle use in ICE engines of old, so for thousands of years we will have access to synthetic & bio fuels that we can fuel old vehicle engines with.
Towards 70% thermal efficiency, with heat recuperation recovery, energy conversion technology, super-efficient Hybrid drivetrain systems & range extender enhanced electric vehicles, including hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles, in so many applications we can see novel engines using chemical fuels to provide energy or power, to recharge batteries or power the drive motors or propulsion directly, enhancing useful range even where battery capacity insufficient to provide such range, the range extender makes BEV's into REEV so they are the best of Electric & best of Hybrid mixed, such as many PRIME models being sold worldwide by Toyota right now :)
Currently the best automotive engines mass produced by Toyota have the highest thermal efficiency of just over 42% during a broad range of RPM operation conditions, but a sweet spot in RPM as a range extender operating in narrow band of peak efficiency RPM's means the same engines can reach 50% then %55 & so on percent thermal efficiency not possible with broad RPM range operation as a prime mover of ICE vehicles as the engines of typical automobiles today, some of which feature a nice 10 speed automatic offering better than manual transmission efficiency, even some slick dual clutch system like computer controlled manual transmissions, one for even & one for odd gears so fastest possible shifting, or Toyota's proprietary direct shift 1st gear then CVT after that operation, mixing the best of manual with the best of automatic transmissions technologies. These novel 10 speed Toyota transmissions can be improved with software updates too, which control the fuzzy digital hybrid control electronics so better shifting & predictive up & down shifting more accurate in more conditions.
Stratified Fuel Injection, Homogenous Charge Compression, Electric or Hydraulic or Pneumatic or any combination continuously variable intake & exhaust valve control enabling 3D fuel mapping, so you get best fuel economy in ECO mode & best performance in SPORT mode or a mix in NORMAL mode. Your going to see novel opposed lineal piston generators from Toyota used as the engine in future Toyota Hybrid & PRIME models. These linear piston generators have up-to 75% thermal efficiency converting fuel chemical energy into electricity. They were invented for NASA for space programs, like Artemis, so people can live in a Moon Base for extended missions, though those use highly enriched isotope heat in a Sterling cycle called Kilo power generators, a cluster of 12 such units each making 3KW of heat & 1KW electrical with about 30% efficiency, similar to a radio iso-thermic TEG thermo-electric generator like the isotope powered unit on the Mars Curiosity Rover.
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