Peak oil already happened, back when cars sold in the USA barely got less than 20 miles per gallon, in terms of automotive engine engineering, materials science, availability of aluminum, titanium, magnesium, considering VW- XL1 getting 240 MPG back then, or a Toyota Hybrid getting double the fuel economy of a conventional gasoline engine automatic transmission vehicle of similar mass & capacities, features & functions, fair comparisons.
Proving 40+ MPG Practical, Reliable, Prius Cab & UBER & LIFT cars daily driven hybrids!
Prius I, Prius II, Prius III, Prius IV, Prius V, millions of "Prius" sold worldwide, proved dual motor generator mated to efficient gasoline engine with orbital gearing systems (PSD) in exceptional computer controlled battery charge discharge energy storage break regenerative energy capture, acceleration assist, automatic engine off in many modes, Toyotas exceptional HSD system was based on NiMH batteries with double the energy density as NiCD & 4X better energy density than PbA, while about twice as heavy as fragile thermal snobbery Li-Ion which does not work well below 40 degrees F or above 110 F, if fully charged damaged faster, if fully discharged damaged faster, lithium ion batteries might be low mass & high energy density.
NiMH better cold-weather performance
Automotive Panasonic NiMH batteries in Toyota Hybrid work better in colder conditions when a Hybrid parked at a ski resort all day or for many days at a time, that is where a lithium ion BEV with long range, perhaps 200kWh battery, that can drive from a suburb or city to the local mountain ski resort, has to have 7000 watts of resistance heating in the battery pack to keep it above 38 F, if the lithium ion battery froze below 32 F, any power in or out, discharge or charging, would cause metallic lithium to "electroplate out, forming shorting inside the battery" perhaps part of the reason that wide temperature range of aircraft battery systems, noting how cold atmosphere is up at 20,000 ft, then hot on the ground, those extreme swings in temperature, say shrinking and swelling.
Boeing, Samsung, Self-Balancing Scooter Battery Fires
787 Boeing Dreamliner lithium-ion battery, probably inappropriate technology for such temperature extremes, noting how lithium ion thermally fragile to large swings of temperature below freezing or above summer hot temperatures, so many Boeing Dreamliner battery fires happened, same for Samsung Galaxy 7 phones with batteries catching fire. BMS or battery management system in lithium ion batteries, supposed to cut off charging at 4.18VDC, and not allow the voltage to ever go below 3.23VDC, for any voltages above or below those level rapidly degrade the anode & cathode causing rapid loss of capacity, capacity fading, swelling, puffing, eventually high pressure venting with flame, toxic fumes created as the electrolyte, graphite anode, & mylar burns the cobalt in the cathode and lithium, causing toxic blue white smoke also very poisons to breathe. Many self-balancing low end cheap lithium-ion scooters sold online are renowned for having lithium-ion battery fires when charging,
I believe Toyota Hybrid a Bridge to Na-Ion EV's
That being said, my daily driver a 2022 Toyota Corolla Hybrid Sedan LE, has 4 amp hour 207 volt automotive Lithium-ion in its energy storage module, but designed to last with passive & air blown cooling to keep it from overheating, cleaver internal cell warming method to keep it from going too cold for proper operation, & the charge controller computer BMS system operates this long life lithium ion battery between 30-80% charged, to avoid charge extremes, to minimized dendrite formation, to allow robust SEI layer to protect cathode, not the low mass lithium ion pack of such low capacity, its build more like a Satellite Li-ion, but at a reasonable cost, & weighs about half as much as the otherwise superior 6 amp hour 203 volt NiMH in similar hybrid systems of Prius III, featuring a similar version of the 2ZR-FXE engine, an Atkinson Cycle long stroke, shorter compression, optimized to reduce pumping loses for higher thermal efficiency or better extraction of the fuels energy content, accomplished by leaving the intake valve open longer with the super fresh dual VVTI or variable valve timing with variable coil over sparkplug ignition. Toyota has a long-life CAM chain with automatic hydraulic valve adjustment system also :) Super dope! This vehicles lifetime fuel economy so far 58.3 MPG on regular unleaded gasoline, its quick too, 600lbs lower mass that same MY Prius, 121 HP, but acts like more because lower weight, suspension dope, handles fresh, drives nice, infotainment system over USB-A to lightning cable into iPhone 14 features Apple Car Play Navigation Music Streaming & much more, like making calls through car stereo system hands free :)
Hard Target for Renewable Fuels
103 million barrels of crude oil per day, refined worldwide to make fuels gasoline, diesel, Jet A, kerosine, wax, tar, bitumen, sulfur extracted, propane, butane, ethane, petrochemicals of all kinds, premium high performance paraffin, mineral oil lubricants, engine oil, transmission oil, even using ISOM natural gas, hydrogen, they make clear synthetic gasoline that is expensive at almost ten dollars a gallon, about 3 dollars per liter with taxes, that burns almost as cleanly as propane, has more energy content than regular gasoline, does not require ethanol to burn cleanly, can be combined with water using special saponification chemicals to make Hydro-Gasoline, and similar done to make Hydro-Diesel, which cools combustion, and heating the water in the fuel in the combustion chamber causing steam to apply additional torque, improving engine power output and performance, while lowering emissions, and lowering fuel costs if mass produced at an appropriate many tens of millions of gallons per day level.
Sub-10 Minute Gas Station Refueling Fast Easy Simple
At a typical gas station, any of more than 5 million stations selling unleaded gasoline worldwide, featuring electronic payment method for Tap to Pay, or Debit or Credit Card payments, that can dispense about 15 gallons of fuel in under 5 minutes. Each gallon of gasoline contains about 33.4 kWh of chemical energy, and Toyota has a dual opposed gas piston engine 1 cycle generator that gets up to 55% thermal efficiency, to be used as a "range extender, in REEV a range extended electric vehicle, similar to Toyotas PHEV "Prime" vehicles, which are like their otherwise fantastic Hybrids, but have similar engines & much larger battery capacity in the energy storage module, so they have about 40 or so miles of EV range, & tend to get more than 75 MPG in practice in the real world according to data on Fuelly website about PRIME Toyota models, noting that some of that fuel economy accomplished by offsetting gas consumption by charging PRIME with included extension cord EVSE cable, such that grid power stored in the larger capacity PRIME battery works with the dual motor generator system of HSD in PRIME vehicles to give more torque, more horsepower, & fantastic fuel economy with ultra low emissions using Advanced Technology :)
MW level EV Charging Expensive
Charging a long-range BEV battery electric vehicle in under 15 minutes, if it contains a 150kWh or larger battery pack, that requires millions of watts of Level 4 or Level 5 public commercial electrical connection expensive charging station charging, over huge thick cables with liquid cooling, moving megawatts of energy, possibly able to brown out a local substation electrical system, unless the charging system also contains energy storage capacity, or large capacitors or batteries, to hold several tens of megawatt hours of electricity captured off peak time at night when no one using the L4 or L5 public DC fast charger.
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