Electric vehicles need dense batteries so they can have more range per charge, but the EV battery must also have high peak power for pleasing acceleration performance, regen, & fast charging
Consider energy density like the size of a pool & how much water it can hold
Power density or peak current like the size of the hose diameter or flow rate to fill or empty the pool
Historically the first widely available EV battery was lead acid from 1870 France, Gaston Plante
It only has about 30 to 50-watt hours per kg
Last 50 deep cycles before cell shedding damages
Later glass matt in AGM increased deep cycling to 350 full cycles
Next NiCD or nickel cadmium batteries used in many early power tool packs
It has 45-to-80-watt hours per kilogram.
NiMH or nickel metal hybrid used in some early laptops & late 90s BEV's
It has 60-to-120-watt hours per kilogram
Li-Ion or Lithium Ion used in all modern electronics & EV's comes in many different chemistries
It has 50-to-260-watt hours per kilogram
Lithium Sulfur gets to 600-watt hours per kg.
Lithium Air gets to 1200-watt hours per kg.
But cycle life, calendar life, fire safety, water safety & puncture safety important for E-Bikes, Battery Electric Automobiles & mobile electronics.
No one wants their smartphone to catch fire in their pocket or while charging on their nightstand or in their car. No one wants their smartwatch to catch fire on their wrist or its charging dock.
We know that automobiles get into energetic accidents, so BEV batteries need crush & puncture fire resistance so that EV in car accidents do not burst into flames.
The race is on with battery companies & automakers to develop EV that can go 500-1000 mile per charge, that can accept 1,000,000 watts of charging DC from LEVEL 4 & L5 Public super-fast chargers.
PHEV or plug-in-hybrid electric vehicles are a great bridge technology since the onboard gasoline engine generator set can act as the prime mover, to charge the battery pack, and enable road trips, while trips can be made on battery power only. This cleans up air quality in cities where PHEV & BEV are used for local passenger trips, for commuting, for going to & from a store, for groceries or other goods.
Early BEV had less than 300 mi of range on 100kWh or lower capacity packs. The Nissan LEAF started with 24kWh, then 30kWh, then 40kWh & an SV available with 62kWh.
Better EV's come with 80kWh battery packs
Premium EV come with 100+ kWh batteries
But the range of an EV depends strongly on driver acceleration levels, such that driving faster or accelerating rapidly drains the battery faster & reduces range per charge.
While the Tesla Model this or that with 300 mi of range can do it, the range in worst case winter highway more like 140mi per charge, not 300.
To emulate or mimic the performance & range of gasoline fueled SUV's, the BEV faces a difficult battery energy density dilemma. A sub 10 min fuel fillup hard to emulate even with fast L3 chargers, so much higher voltage & current chargers with even bigger thicker cables & the NACS port to handle that high current high voltage DC charging. 1MW super charging simulates typical gas station fuel pumping energy transfer rates.
Gasoline has ~34kWh of power per gallon, & diesel & jet fuel are 30-40% more energy dense than gasoline, though most gasoline automobile engines can only turn about 10kWh of that fuel energy into vehicle movement. Though consider also that most SUV have gasoline tanks that hold 12-40 gallons of fuel, so that's like a battery electric vehicle with a 400kWh or 800kWh or 1mWh battery pack.
There are existing PV technologies that automakers could integrate into the multi-layer front windows of premium vehicles, that are transparent to light frequencies our eyes need to see the road ahead & to look out for hazards to avoid accidents from unpredictable events or the bad control style of low skill drivers of other vehicles nearby.
Very young children for example can spontaneously jump out from a front yard of a house or home or multi-family complex into a roadway where vehicles are traveling, giving rise to terrible deadly accidents, as do many unattended domestic swimming pools where young small children impulsively enter & end up drowning. This is why parents need to persistently monitor their small children & why some people are unfit to be parents of children or adopts pets like dogs or cats.
Some drivers are bad a driving, causing or participating in road vehicle accidents. I have seen news videos of people in Washington State getting onto the freeway into oncoming traffic. Giant retroflected signs with WRONG WAY are on both sides of the off-ramps, so the people driving onto the freeway on the off ramp must be crazy, suicidal, drunk, intoxicate or so stupid it's easily hard to imagine how they were able to obtain car insurance or a driver's license.
I see all of it while I am out driving School Busses filled with school children in traffic congestion on real world roads nearby. Many new drivers from all around the world have yellow stickers on the back of their vehicles saying Please Be Patient, New Driver! I consider these stickers insulting as I view driving as a privilege not a right. Drivers need more safety training, more practice with a expert driving instructor. Many of the new drivers nearby came from countries without driving history, without an automotive or automobile use history, so they are over 30 years old with no experience riding in or driving cars.
Physics of Chemistry
Electron energy exchange in valence shells the physics of chemical reactions #chemistry #physics #energy
Understanding all chemical reactions comes down to electron exchange in the valence shell or outer most electron orbital shell.
While P-Type solar panels are the most common, 10BB PERC cells are the good stuff in the monocrystalline silicon PV space. All N-Type panels are expected to slowly displace the market space by taking up 1/2 of the market by 2030. P-type were the first kind, made with phosphorus doping, for space satellites where panel cost was not an issue early on in the 1960's.
There are solar electric automobiles optimized for battery electric driving with energy captured by the sky facing surfaces covered in solar PV modules. Aptera Solar Electric & Lightyear Solar Electric for example. Even the Fisker Ocean has a Solar Sky option roof package to charge up its EV batts with solar energy from the bright sky or sunlight exposure.
Many RV, boat, yacht, campers, panel vans, camping vans, glamping setups & camping tent kits make use of portable solar chargers to pump captured solar DC into a battery bank or battery generator that can charge phones, laptops, energize lights, fridges, CPAP machines, even run electric stoves or kettles to boil water, or power tools, or to charge power tool batteries.
My $800 Toyota Corolla Hybrid trunk nap cells glamping consists of a full size 3 inch egg create memory foam cut to the shape of the weatherproof trunk liner + a 220w queen size electric blanket + a queen size plush faux furr fleece blanket + a 200w personal electric heater + a EcoFlow River 2 Max battery generator + folding DOKIO 18v 110w mono solar charger to SAE to XT60 cable that plugs into the 10-50vdc 13amp MPPT controller DC port in the River 2 Max LFP battery generator that powers my 420 watts of AC loads via its inverter & AC outlets. This system keeps me warm on cold winter days while I take 1/2 to 1.5 hour naps. Obviously the 110w panels puts out much less power on cloudy dark winter days. The 20AH LFP battery can only power my electric blanket for about 2 hours, or the warmer blanket & 200w heater for about an hour. To camp in winter all night, I would need 100Ah of battery & 400+ watts of PERC Mono PV panels & 60amp MPPT controller to keep a large 12v 100AH LFP battery charged. A sine wave inverter can then take energy from the battery & power my AC loads.
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