Electric Vehicle Battery Packs

After 10-15 years or 2000 to 3000 cycles or 100,000-350,000 miles of use powered EV traction motors to move electric vehicles around the EV lithium ion batteries often still have 50-70% of their original capacity & can be repurposed in renewable solar PV energy storage or Wind Power storage applications to improve capacity factor & uptime usability of the renewable energy since loads do not often match production times of intermittent renewables like solar photovoltaic rooftop energy systems or wind power production intervals. 

This mismatch between intermittent renewables & grid power loads one of the main reasons that energy storage so important to improve renewable energy systems so they can match the abilities of natural gas, coal & nuclear power plants in terms of uptime & load following & capacity factor to enable Firm Renewable Energy production with large MWH or GWH battery energy storage system or mass energy storage systems or an other capacitor or super-capacitor energy storage systems. 

I can envision Solar PV automobiles with Super-Capacitors & a smaller Battery Energy System that have excellent acceleration, superlative energy economy like the aerodynamic Aptera 3 wheel automobile or emerging solar electric vehicles with extra sky facing area covered in PV modules that pump DC directly into the EV battery pack even while driving :) 

Lets say you purchased a 2011 Nissan LEAF with a 24kWh battery pack (lithium manganese spinel polymer pouch in aluminum case air cooled) and drove it 100,000 miles before the battery pack lost enough capacity to justify an upgraded battery pack. Some newer 40kWh battery pack from a 2018-2023 Nissan LEAF SV that was in a cosmetic roll-over or similar front end collision can be scrap recovered to capture its relatively good 90%+ capacity battery pack with 36kWh of actual energy storage, that you can buy used for $2000-4000 & pay a mechanic $1000 to collect it & swap it with your faded 24kWh pack that now only holds 15kWh. 

Now the range per charge of your 2011 Nissan LEAF greater than when you purchased it new, since the new used battery holds 50% more energy than the new OEM pack back then. So you can now drive it 150,000+ miles before the 36kWh fades down to 30kWh, after which both the OEM pack & the scrap recovered pack can be utilized for grid energy storage in stationary applications where the mass or energy density of the pack modules far less important than in an EV.