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CIGS Solar PV, Fuel Cell's & Hybrid Electric Turbo Fan: Battery Electric Passenger Aircraft

Hybrid electric fuel cell CIGS solar battery electric passenger aircraft, where the energy density, power density, temperate sensitivity, pressure sensitivity, cycle life, cell mass, pack mass, charge & discharge rates, calendar life, presents safety problems with lithium battery chemistry commercially available. 

Carbon fiber wrapped aluminum high pressure tanks with NH3, H2, DME, Propane, Butane, CNG, LNG, Methanol, Ethanol // there are many different fuel-cell electricity generating technologies that can work high uptime commercial aircraft application as the prime mover energy source.

Long life electrodes in fuel cells need to be made with iridium, platinum, titanium, carbon & exotic manufacturing techniques that are complicated & expensive like vacuum bag autoclave slow part making but worse in CVD & E-Beam processes & slow precise electroplating. 

The platinum content of the Toyota Mirai fuel cell stack for example exceeds the rare earth & noble metal use in automotive catalytic converters, which in OEM examples cost thousands each. Figuring out how to get the same long-life performance with less platinum required the use of advanced 8th generation electrically conductive ceramics with nano particles of platinum. 

Noble metal matrix electrodes made with zirconia ceramics, doped with rare earths like cerium and rare expensive metals rhodium, palladium, and platinum nano particles slurry coated in vacuum onto the ceramics, with silicon carbide emerging as one of the longest lasting, while even nano-diamond battery anodes exist, as do silicon nano-wire battery electrodes. 

There are exotic, expensive & really cool technologies that are made in low volume for aerospace applications, but mass producing affordable high-performance long-lasting versions of those technologies to make the world a better place requires significantly more innovation, investment & problem solving.

Lithium Sulfur & Lithium Air poised technologies for passenger electric aircraft, where the fuel cell stack electricity charges the batteries while also powering the electric turbine hybrid electric turbofan engines that can run on jet fuel for takeoff peak power performance, then switch to electric while cruising, when descending, and when coming in for a landing. 

There are many modes or ways the hybrid electric turbofan can act as a wind power generator to recharge the propulsion batteries. So the engine makers have to make a 400v or 800v or 1200v electric motor with mass reduction technology like the 88lbs Dark Energy motor from Koenigsegg, but as a thinner cylinder that can axil shaft mounted into the turbofan core to act as the starter, alternator, generator, boost, and prime mover, using electricity made from the Fuel Cell Stacks and energy storage battery packs. 

What about obese people with heavy luggage? Hybrid electric passenger aircraft will probably be used to flights less than 1500 NMI or nautical miles. Conventional advanced aircraft like Boeing 787 already use 60% less fuel. 

Top surfaces of passenger hybrid electric aircraft need CIGS Cadmium Indium Gallium Selenide solar PV epoxy bonded to the carbon fiber shell. This way any sunlight hitting the top surface of the aircraft create heat for deicing and PV energy to charge the batteries & power the hybrid turbofan motors to reduce jet fuel use further, lowering the operating costs even more than the added costs of integrating the strong durable long-lasting flexible CIGS technology that is typically used in Space Satellite power systems to make energy to charge the satellite batteries & power the satellite electronics, radios & other equipment to keep the parts super cold or super warm. 

No throwing out Jet Fuel, but we can make renewable jet fuel with biofuel technology, GTL fuel or synthetic fuel from coal gasification, biogas, and natural gas, cheaply at industrial quantities using well establishing high volume petrochemical processing technologies already and long ago widely available and highly refined.

Say it with me, Shell GTL fuels, syngas, synfuels, made with the Fischer Tropsch reactions developed to give Germany war time fuel during WWII, since Germany did not have abundant crude oil or petroleum resources to mine or pump out of the ground. 

Synthetic fuels are already available, and have superior chemical purity, are cleaner burning, have longer shelf life, have more energy, make engines last longer, make engine oil life last longer, are more like propane or natural gas in terms of combustion cleanliness, with a clean blue flame like ethanol that does not coke the valve seats with carbon deposits like conventional unleaded gasoline made from crude oil, especially in GDI engines or gasoline engine with direct injection & often also turbocharged, where an additional intake injector port utilized for valve seat washing port fuel injection that sprays pulses of fresh gasoline that flush & keep the valve seats clean, so the valves can close all the way to maintain good compression. 

Synthetic fuels cost more to make than conventional fuels & only sell well in markets where gasoline or petrol sells for more than $2 per liter or $8/ gal. In the future when crude oil resources have been widely depleted, coal, biomass, and natural gas will be made using GTL technology into liquid transportation fuels of many kinds & grades & specifications. 

The coolest part about synthetic gasoline is that when stored in airtight plastic bottles the shelf life more than 10 years like diesel fuel. Today common E10 gasoline starts to foul or oxidize forming strings of waxy alkane threads, fuel oxidation end products that must be filtered out of gasoline, especially if it is to be used in small engines with carburetors. 

Foul gas will clog a carburetor easily with varnish deposits of the same chemicals that make the alkane waxy threads. Moreover, the E10 contains hygroscopic ethanol that attracts water into the fuel, and water in the fuel can cause rusting or corrosion of the jet nozzle in carburetors & even the injector valves in fuel injection and can damage the fuel pump in the sealed pressurized vehicle gasoline or petrol tank. This is why I put red colored Fuel Stabilizer in my gas cans & only fill them with E0 or ethanol free gasoline. 

We will have hundreds of years of transportation fuels to refuel all the antique vehicles that run on gasoline being made & sold today, and from the past, and in the future. There is no way that BEV or battery electric vehicles will ever achieve 100% market share in all countries worldwide. Gasoline in one form or another will be around until our grandchildren's grandchildren are old & wise. 




How Much Will it Take to Replace Millions of Gasoline Stations with Public DC Level 3 Fast Chargers

Add 10 gallons gasoline into automobile in a few minutes.

In a 10 MPG sports car (1200hp)) that is 100 miles of fuel range

In a 50 MPG hybrid Toyota that's 500 miles of fuel range

Adding the same amount of charge to an electric car battery takes at least 4X longer.

When the average car owner spends 4 hours per year fueling their car at a gas station, the EV owner will spend at least 16 hours fiddling with charging at public L3 charging stations to get the same amount of range, to drive at least 10,500 miles per year. 

Maybe a L4 DC 1,000,000 watt or 1 Mega Watt or 1MW public charger can make a 10 minute charge add similar amounts of range to a 100-300kWh battery pack electric vehicle that can take 800 volts. 

Consider that 1MW charging stations are not a commercial practical feasible EV charging station yet. The Tesla Supercharges at 350kW are the fastest highest current L3 public charging stations widely available.

Sometimes the L3 much less like the Nissan L3 that peaks at 50kW but throttles down to 9kw or less at the battery approaches full in the LEAF (Leaf starts at $28,895) or ARIYA (Nissan Ariya starts at $43,190)

Tesla Model 3 (MSRP: $40,240 - $53,240) & Model Y (MSRP: $47,740 - $54,490) are the big sellers or the higher volume sales BEV's made in California by Telsa Motors. 

Electric Jesus Elon Musk makes bold claims about the 2024 Tesla Cybertruck with claimed 300mi of range, though less if you turn the HVAC on full and or do that while going up & over a mountain pass to go skiing, snowboarding, hiking or climbing, especially if you take 3 other adults & a bunch of gear with you. 

There exists no magic bullet to make EV batteries 10x better. Moreover, its iterative improvements with chemical tweaks about every 8 months, and major battery new chemistry breakthroughs every 20 years. 

Also, what's possible to do with gold & titanium foil pressurized inside beryllium alloy case satellite batteries that have 20kWh of storage but have to survive oven hot to cryogenic cold operating conditions for 20 years orbiting the Earth in the extremes of lower Earth Orbit; such satellite batteries cost $50k or more, but that makes no difference on a $100 million satellite budget. 

In an EV a $50K battery means the resulting car like a Lucid Air or some $100K + Rivian SUV or Electric Hummer / yeah, a few well healed buyers who already have a 240vac L2 charger at home in their 3 car garage micro-mansion in America, they can get the latest greatest BEV & charge it during the day as they work from home on their laptop computers, while their 40kW rooftop solar PV system of PERC N-Type monocrystalline solar panels, robust N-1 micro-inverters, and whole home 100kWh battery backup UPS solutions L2 chargers their latest BEV. 

We do not live in a world where everyone can get a Lucid Air. It's not even possible using fossil fuels to make that many EV, let along all the copper, lithium & other materials. We are not industrial enough to make billions of long-range luxury EV's. Our energy technology not abundant enough. 

We would need broadly applied nuclear fusion reactors by the thousands to have enough electricity to industrialize more than we have with crude oil-based fuels & giga scale refineries that turn the oil into gasoline, diesel, kerosine, jet fuel, propane, butane & more. 

Natural gas compressed or liquified even used to fuel rocket engines along with cryogenic liquid oxygen. Carbon & hydrocarbon fuels have very high energy density that will not be equaled by batteries for many decades or possibly longer. 

Think of the amount of building & infrastructure & increasing demand for electricity production that millions of L3 DC fast charging stations would require. A system of EV charging that can supplant gasoline stations, almost unimaginable, not practical, not feasible, probably not even affordable if you leveraged debt spending, and all world military budgets, or even the entire global economy to pay for it.

Pipe dreams of EV only future is exactly that, dreams, not reality, not now, not in 10 years, not in 20 years, I will be very old or dead by the time that gas stations are phased out, I am chronologically 40.15 years old as of writing this now in November of 2023. 

You are Not Me / I am vehicle crazy, with more tires that require air pressure Maintenace. I drive 12,000 mi per year to commute & go on road trips. I live in urban sprawl America & waste energy like an American but have been trying EV's and electric vehicle toys for a while now. Nissan LEAF just did not have enough mountain climbing highway speed range to work for me much of the time. I tried 3 different Nissan LEAF, each with larger batteries, 24,30, and 40kWh respectively. 

Based on these bad Nissan LEAF low battery range anxiety experiences, I believe and have evidence to suggest that an EV needs at least 100kWh of battery to be feasible to replace a hybrid or gasoline powered vehicle, and moreover if you want road trips, and worst-case winter driving up mountain pass range like a hybrid, the EV needs 400kWh of battery.

My collection of vehicles is crazy & costs a lot to own & operate, maintain, fuel, license & insure. 

3 cars, 2 hybrid, 1 premium gas
1 motor scooter, PCX150
1 motorcycle, MT03
1 cool e-bike 
2 regular nice bicycles
1 Segway MP OG
1 e-Kick Scooter
1 GX200 Pressure Washer
1 EU2000 Generator
1 Battery Generator
Different PV panels etc


Hybrid Electric & Plug-in Hybrid Superior to Pure EV in 2023

Gasoline engines as range extenders critical to enabling road trips & longer drives than any other widely produced & widely available BEV or battery powered automobile can achieve. This is why the Rav4 Hybrid or Rav4 Prime (PHEV) from Toyota sell extremely well.

I learned about Toyota Prius in 2003, the first-generation model was on the campus of WSU where I was a new college student. Ted & Ada, friends of mine in engineering pointed out the example, owned by a college professor that got over 40 MPG using regular gasoline, by combining electric motors for boost & energy recovery brake regen + idle stop to turn of the engine when the vehicle stopped while at a traffic light signal controlled intersection for example, or in traffic jams. 

In city fuel economy idle stop can boost fuel economy 10-20% & nearly every kind of car, truck & SUV can be equipped with a basic idle stop system for a nominal increase in cost at the manufacturing level of only a few hundred dollars. Idle stop systems end up saving the owners of cars operated in cities thousands of dollars on fuel during the time that they own & operated these vehicles for 5-20 years after the idle stop equipped vehicle manufactured. 

Every automobile featuring a dynamo, magneto or alternator also an electric power generator that uses energy created by combustion of fuel in the engine as rotational torque output to spin the power generating device & make electrical current flow. Though modern alternators on most cars & trucks & SUV generate AC power, a rectifier circuit makes DC power in 10-16v to charge the 12vdc automobile battery SLI PbA AGM, such that the large battery & power generating technology acts like a mild-hybrid to energize all the lamps, bulbs, computers, & electronics present on vehicles since the 1970's starting with ECU & fuel injection, and much further back with energy for electric head lights, tail lights, turn signals & brake lights for safety signaling & illumination. 

Today as of 2023 modern cars have so many computer chips and wiring harnesses that they can be reasonably called a rolling data center. The CMOS sensor fusion on Tesla BEV's actually means that Tesla Model S, 3,X,Y been scanning real world roadway data making Tesla Motors a Big Data company with class leading autopilot solutions. 

In 2005 I purchased a then brand-new Toyota Prius II with the technology package. It now belongs to Allan, my lovely wife Meg's genetic father. I sold it to him with ~159,000 miles ODO after driving it for 17 years, with the average mileage the whole time being 46.9 MPG absolute (miles driven / gallons of fuel added total) Allan now gets over 50 MPG going 50 MPH & using other hypermiling gentle acceleration & safety focused fuel saving driving techniques. He drives many more miles than I, and his Ford F150 was getting 12 MPG city & 18 MPG highway, so he can visit his grandchildren much more often while still saving money on fuel now :) 

The Prius II has the most exceptional 1.5L 1NZ-FXE engine that powered the 04-09MY Prius, later replaced by the 2ZR-FXE in 2010-2022 MY Prius 3 & 4 models, while the dynamic force 2L engine in the 2023 Prius has even better thermal efficiency while also pumping out 196 HP. The 5th Gen Prius does 0-60 MPG in under 7.8 seconds, and the eAWD versin does it in less than 7.6 seconds, making the 5th Gen Prius the fastest Prius ever, while also the most fuel efficient. 

I really wanted a 5th Gen Prius but ended up paying $30K for a 2022 Corolla Hybrid that gets 42 MPG when driven fast on the highway, 53-58 MPG when keeping up with traffic flow in light highway traffic, and if go in the middle of the night & use every hypermiling trick I know in ECO mode I can get the trip economy up to 74-78 MPG. 22 

22 Corolla Hybrid has the HSD drivetrain & 2ZR-FXE engine of the Prius III & IIII, that has been in high volume production for more than 12 years. This 1.8L long strong VVTI Atkinson engine an absolute engineering masterpiece for its relatively diminutive performance. I am not sure I like all the activate ADAS features in Toyota Safety Sense 2.0 which was updated to 3.0 for the 2023 MY. 

The LKA or electronic power steering gentle correction assist does not always work correctly where the lane markings cannot be detected clearly by the upper windscreen camera data system. The system does read road signs like speed limit signs most of the time & then displays them on the dashboard LCD the speed limit for the zone persists as easy to read at-a-glance driving information, very useful if I didn't see the speed limit sign in a zone where the sleep limit lower than before. Automatic High Beams or AHB also not exceedingly polished & I can only imagine how much these LED headlights cost to replace when the LED eventually burn out. 

I really like automotive lighting systems with user replaceable bulbs like the D2R bulbs in the 2005 Prius HID headlights. Meg's 2010 Prius III got aftermarket headlights that I installed by removing the front bumper & put ultra bright LED bulbs into the new housings. I am a DIY enthusiast & Device Repair Law advocate & WISE Level 2 certified electronic repair technician. 

Morality & ethics that protect consumers from unethical manufacturing practices are part of my general interest in high quality people, honesty, fairness & other virtues encouraged in the New Testament of the Christian Bible, based on the Teachings of my Lord & Savior Jesus Christ of Nazareth who performed many signs, wonders & healing miracles during his time as a human on Earth back then. 

24kWh Nissan LEAF S in 2013
30kWh Nissan LEAF S in 2015
40kWh Nissan LEAF SV in 2022

I tried these Nissan LEAF's and absolutely loved each one for low distance in city flat route commuting but climbing highway 900 from Issaquah to Renton or doing any other fast freeway across I90 or up I405 caused battery capacity fading that made each one of these impossible to use for my real world needs of a vehicle performance. 

It is my personal experience that a BEV needs more than 100kWh of battery, and batteries with that kind of capacity have a mass of 1500-2500 lbs., depending on cooling solutions & if the pack structural or not & other variables. This means that modern lithium-ion BEVs with 300+ miles of range are more than 5000 lbs. 

The high mass of long-range BEV + the fun instant toque acceleration shreds off tire tread so fast that many EV drivers only getting 4000-10000 miles of use out of tires that last 45,000-90,000 miles on hybrid & plug-in hybrid & ICE vehicles respectively. 

Tire tread erosion emits more microplastics into nature than any other source. That is a dark sinister fact about BEV's that you never hear government politician talking about with their radical insane push to make all new vehicles sold electric by 2035, which will never happen anyway because of supply chain issues about lithium, cobalt, copper, titanium, nickel, gold, platinum, silver, palladium, & other expensive, toxic, rare & limited supply metals needed to make BEV's. 

Modern BEV's also have a higher manufacturing carbon footprint than the conventional fossil fueled vehicles they replace. Consider also what happens to all of those relatively new gasoline powered cars that still have a lot of useful life on them, that must be fueled with gasoline for many decades beyond 2035. 

Consider also that BEV batteries are being revolutionized to remove cobalt, improve safety, improve energy density, so that EV's can charge at 800V at 1000 AMPS DC on Level 4 chargers faster so that it's more like a gas station fill-up of unleaded gasoline in terms of time spent refueling or charging. 

I think Hydrogen a great option with fuel cells, but they are expensive, and hydrogen fuel cell cars like the Toyota Mirai are also battery electric with EV batteries & electric final drive motors. Be careful with hydrogen fuel costs, H2 prices similar to $18 per gallon or $5 per liter gasoline. Thats using brown H2 made by steam reforming natural gas, which is also not ecofriendly, but also the cheapest way to make H2 currently & for the foreseeable future. We need radically more efficient ways to make H2 from H20 since the Earth is covered in salt water & sea levels are rising because of climate change melting the polar ice caps of Earth. 

We need 300kWh EV's batteries that weigh less than 900 lbs that can be recharged 55,000 times & last more than 30 years with only limiter degradation or loss of capacity. Many radical chemical innovations will be needed to improve EV batteries to this point, especially the affordable mass-produced kinds. 

There will likely always be some radical energy density battery for aerospace satellites that lasts & lasts because it has to survive the temperature extremes while orbiting in low gravity orbits hundreds of miles above the surface of the Earth. In direct sunlight the Satellite can get to 300 F & in the shadow of Earth or the Moon, the cold vacuum of space causes the satellite to go to -250 F. 

Satellite batteries have to work flawlessly for 20 years while operating in conditions from baking in your oven to cryogenic cold, multiple times per day. This is why satellite batteries are so robust & so expensive. Not something Tesla going to put into a BEV for sale to the public. Luxury personal VTOL flying vehicles (Rich Men's Toys) will use the same kinds of ultra durable low mass aerospace batteries, and these Personal Luxury VTOL will cost as much as turbine powered helicopters. 

Hydrocarbon liquid fossil fuels, biofuels & other fuels will end up energizing range extenders. When an engine used as a range extender it as actually a power generator. Automotive range extenders are exceptional when compared to commercially available gasoline generators. BMW i3 Rex APU features a 647cc twin engine (from BMW C650 GT Scooter) for example, only 330lbs as complete system but makes 24kW of electricity. Good luck finding another commercial power generator under 400lbs that makes 24kW of power. This illustrated how refined modern fuel burning gasoline engine technology is at generating mobile energy for vehicle propulsion. 

This is why fossil fuels gasoline, diesel, & JET A energize 98% of all transportation methods worldwide. It's going to take an engineering marvel, societal change, more laws, more technology, radical innovation, and more industrialization to enable 8 billion people to have BEV's with similar range as traditional gasoline fueled vehicles, that charge quickly from many kinds of voltage power AC or DC locally available, from solar PV integrated into the roof of the vehicles or shell, that have low mass long life safe batteries. 

We have a long way to go before BEV's are actually comparable analogs to conventional ICE or internal combustion engine vehicles. This is also why hybrid electric & plug-in hybrid makes the most sense. These HEV & PHEV leverage all the technological progress & energy density of fuels & engines, while still enabling advanced efficiency operation, with lower emissions & better fuel economy. 

Petrol or Gasoline 44MJ/KG forty-four Mega Joules per Kilogram (Holy Fuel) or very energy dense
Thats more than 20X more energy dense that Tesla Motors BEV batteries with 256 watt-hours per kg
Toyota solid-state lithium-ion batteries have 650 watt-hours per kg. 
State-of-the-art aerospace Li-Ion are 1200 watt-hours per kg.
Petrol or Gasoline 12,000 watt-hour per kg. 

Refueling our 2022 Corolla Hybrid 

I just drove to the closest fueling station to Dr. Olga's rental house where we spent the night last night. 

To buy 4.692 US gallons at $4.899 using $0.10/gal grocery store alt # discount, for a total cost of $22.99 USD2023 to go about 249 miles or ~53 MPG that's about 4.5L/100km with unleaded 10% ethanol gasoline that sells for about $1.32 per liter or $5/ gal. 

Energetically that's 206 Mega Joules of fuel energy for $23 USD 2023 (Why USD year, because of currency inflation) (meaning $23 this year worth less than $23 last year, so on) 

If I hypermile I can get under 4L/100km, and if I drive faster than traffic, I get 5L/100km. Thats 42-77MPG US gallon or~ 55-89 miles per Great Brittan gallons that are larger than US gallons. 

$23 to go 249 miles // in a 2,850lb or 1293kg 2022 Toyota Corolla Hybrid
Fuel cost of less than 10 cents per mile ^^ 

Our different Nissan LEAF models grid power at $0.14/kWh recharging cost about 4.9 cents per mile by comparison. 

So $5/gal gasoline in 50MPG car similar to EV charging at $0.30/kWh // notice that electricity cost influences the operating cost of recharging an EV the way fuel cost influences the operating cost of a gasoline powered vehicle. But none of our LEAF EV models could go 80MPH for long distances, especially not while climbing mountain passes at 70MPH. When I add fuel to the Corolla Hybrid the dash computer estimates range at 620 mi before refueling. 

Even in the 40kWh LEAF SV I was only able to get 140 miles of range while driving under 40 MPH on flatter surface streets. At highway speeds the LEAF SV 40kWh battery pack would deplete so rapidly that it made me nervous, with range anxiety. 170kW motor was a beast with V6 like acceleration but if you held the throttle down all the way, the battery % faded at 1% per second. Letting off the throttle the battery gauge % would climb back up to the actually nominal charge state, but the lack of sustained performance a real drag for highway use. In short bursts great, but no sustained higher speeds, especially not while climbing hills. 

This is why BEV's need 100+ kWh battery packs, today that increases the vehicle mass to nearly 5000lbs or 2276kg. I can drive the Corolla Hybrid at 80 MPH all day long & still have 400+ miles of range before needed to refuel. This, in part, because of the higher thermal efficiency of the 2ZR-FXE Toyota Engine 1.8 Atkinson + HSD dual motor / generator setup. The tiny 0.75kWh li-ion battery pack of the Corolla Hybrid helps to capture & discharge energy from brake regen & for boost to help the engine. Thats how it gets over 50 MPG on regular gasoline. 

Someday, long before the engine goes bad, that li-ion battery pack will need to be replaced, for a thousand dollars or so. If the dealer wants too much, I will get an aftermarket battery replacement & change it myself, since I am a DIY enthusiast. 

It's not a hard or particularly heavy hybrid battery to change, weighing must less than the NiMH packs of other hybrid models made by Toyota. I think the li-ion battery in the Corolla Hybrid weights less than 80lbs, including the metal case, charge controllers, pack wiring, as a system part, vs 150lbs for the NiMH equivalent. I can lift 80lbs without special care, but 150lbs off angle sounds like a possible back injury. So, this means the li-ion battery easier & safer for me to change. 

I bet the hybrid battery will last more than 10 years before needed to be replacement and will help to save more than its replacement cost in gasoline. I mean, I was aiming for the GR Corolla which has a rating of 21 city 28 highway MPG, so that would cost me at least & probably more than 2X more to fuel. I plan to keep the 2022 Corolla Hybrid until 2035 or longer if possible. By then BEV or battery electric vehicles will be way better. Let's hope that WWIII does not break out until long after that, though I have intel that suggest 2027. 

Sadly, World War 3 will be a Bioweapons war, indiscriminately killing anyone affected. The pentagon estimates the global human popular will decline 95% as a result of the bioweapons deployed in World War Three or WWIII or World War 3. Blame the CCP in China for using the Bioweapons that kick of the next world war. Covid19 was just a test case for the CCP bio-weapons program. 




Stop Complaining About Bad Governments, & Bad Companies, They Reflect the People, Some of Whom are Bad!

Two faced hypocrite liars, that's people. Wax on about renewable energy, sustainability, the need to stop pollution, to reduce preventable diseases from breathing tailpipe emissions, to save the spotted owl, or some lake or stream from factory liquid pollution emissions. But those factories create jobs & profit, and without them how would the people who work there pay their rent, for their car insurance, for food, for fuel, for life's basics? Man is a Job, Job is Man, as the old saying goes. You cannot get something for nothing in engineering? There is no free lunch in physics. Its either a true fact or it is not factual. 

Opinions abound just like conspiracy theories, misinformation, disinformation, & fake news of all kinds written by generative AI agents like Chat GPT or Open AI versions. I type my blog on my smartphone or one of my laptops or desktops with a physical clicky keyboards. I tend to use my gaming laptop to write these blog postings & watch YouTube videos & play CS 2 on steam in short bursts :) For a moment I used a free version of ChatGPT to multiply my blog posting, but that took away some of my voice as a writer. I want you to hear my thinking process & the way I communicate IRL in my blog postings. 

Falsehoods & misdirection, magic if you will, to manipulate other people, sometimes done for enjoyment as audiences enjoy and entertaining magician who's tricks keep their minds spinning to try & figure out how they did that seemingly impossible thing. 

For-profit automakers make engine parts out of plastics because their accounting & engineering teams have special software to simulate the cycle life of all the parts & systems in the latest automotive designs before the cars even enter production. Back in the 1990's Toyota & others simply beefed everything up to make sure it would last since they lacked the compute needed in CAE to simulate the entire vehicle & all the parts & cycle life, heat cycling, physical strain or stresses & other elements or aspects of real-world use that determine the cycle & Calander life of car parts, engine parts, & other systems in a vehicle. 

They have to comply with government emissions regulations, that means costly engine emissions controls with various expensive sub systems & parts, like the modern 3-way catalytic converter & a pair of O2 sensors before & after. 

Take that 1.6L Turbo engine of the GR Corolla that I lust after, though 21/28 MPG on premium fuel steered me into a 50+ MPG Corolla Hybrid that has the same hybrid synergy drive system & 1.8L Atkinson 2ZR-FXE engine as the 3rd & 4th Gen Prius. With hypermiling I am able to get our 2022 Corolla Hybrid to return more than 70 MPG or miles per gallon using regular unleaded gasoline that costs about $5/ gal locally, sometimes a bit less locally due to the winter blend fuel :) Thats $1.32/L or so per liter if you're outside the USA buying fuel by the liter, in USD2023 (date because inflation actively eroding the value of the dollar; naughty Federal Reserve, you know how to do it better to stop inflation, stop quantum easing right now & jerk the interest rate up!) 

Driving 4 Answers on YouTube has an excellent video about this topic // that what we see in government & commerce only as evil as the public is as a whole, though you might be a "nicer" outlier or statistical anomaly, or peculiar to the world as a real reader & doer of the Holy Word as a true Christian who emulates Christ Jesus as a life testament to other people who encounter you // more or less / click the blue link bellow to watch his video! 

https://youtu.be/SeMZGICNSMg?si=3k6YXk-tvHu6qHXn

Do you actually keep & use your stuff till the EOL or end of life when they finally break? If your like most Americans you probably buy things you cannot actually afford by financing them. You even buy things you later regret after you cannot return them. 

If you're reading this, you likely engage in needless consumption to feel better with dopamine hits from shopping or buying things & rent a storage unit for disused things or turned the two-car garage of your single-family home into a storage unit for junk you could probably donate without having a reduction in life quality. 

You might actually feel better by freeing yourself of things that are not only not serving you but acting like a boat anker & pulling you down, so many you can't even keep track of them all like me. I speak as a failing example of what I am talking about. In a way trying to see the folly or error in my ways, even aspiring to be an extreme cheapskate & get more value out of my increasingly worthless money or income. 

Social Connectivity Makes More Happiness than More Money

Perhaps a truism in a way, but the priceless things in life cannot be purchased or sold. True love for example not for sale. In the same way law makers cannot pass laws to force parents to love each other or to love their children. On the same token, no law can make children love their parents. A true friend cannot only be connected by organic natural means, as money itself cannot make true friends, especially not lifelong best friends. What we look like makes a difference for several micro-seconds, after that personality & character makes the majority of difference. Let's examine this in the context of extreme Islamic Terrorists in the Palestinian territories.

The Taliban, ISIL, ISIS, Hamas, and other radical Islamic extremist terrorists

~ They hate western countries, especially America, & the personal freedom & liberal ideology of western government, thinking, culture, and other aspects of wealthy capitalist & socialist democracies in the west. 

~ They spend most of their money on AK-47's & 7.62mm ammo, rocket propelled grenades, motors, surface to air missiles, IED explosives, & other tactical military weapons to harm, hurt, kill & destroy.

~ They want to destroy Israel, ruin the moral of the Israeli people, harm, hurt, kill & destroy Israeli people, homes, buildings, power plants, water plants, infrastructure, airports & military assets. 

~ They do not read the Koran, & have no knowledge of the Truth that Muhammad wrote about

~ They follow foolish war lords & illegitimate terrorist leaders who lead them to death without a legitimate cause, causing only fallout, harm, resentment, chaos, entropy & more, which gives rise to counter military campaigns that are very deadly to the Palestinian people. For every 1 Israeli person killed by terrorist weapons fired by Islamic extremists, many dozens to hundreds of Arabic Palestinians will die from the counter measures fired back by the IDF that has superior weaponry. 

~ The result of spiritual forces, for we do not wrestle with flesh & blood, but with principalities of darkness in high places, that use, manipulate, abuse & torment those who follow the kingdom of hell & its petty childish immature leader Lucifer or Satan who knowns he & the anti-Christ will be destroyed by Christ Jesus & God & the Holy Spirit. His time is almost up, so he is amping up his efforts to kill, harm & steal from people in anyway because the Devil hates people since people were created by God, the same God who kicked Lucifer & all the deceived angels that followed him, out of heaven, for blatant disobedience, arrogance, greed, selfishness, and narcissism. 

Yes, all human people belong to God for God created people & all that is seen & unseen. 

Noting also that much of what happens in life does not meet our eyes. One because we only observe small percentages of what can be observed; two because it is impossible to know everything, and three because much of what actually happens does not create light in the visible spectrum or interact with it, but might be able to be observed with infrared or ultraviolet or multi-spectral imaging technologies that see many more frequencies of light photons or phonons that the human eye & brain can observe. 

You don't know what you don't know till you know it, and there is more that you cannot know that you can. Even during an entire human life an induvial person can only capture a small amount of information about reality & how things work, and that even depends on where they were born, where they life, who they interact with, their education, the time in history, the availability of information technology & internet access or access to running water & sanitation & electricity in power outlets in electrified homes & businesses. 

Equal access to these basic utilities is not ubiquitous for all human peoples alive today for example, even though it's been widely known for a long time how governments can use existing pipes & technology & wiring to give their citizens utilities that enable advanced economies to function. America so dependent on Grid Electricity or Electrical Energy that if an advanced Solar Flare or Coronal Mass Ejection or CME shoots off the Sun & hits the Earth, it will create an electrical storm that will destroy almost all electrical systems, computers, vehicles, appliances, power plants, power wire distribution, the internet, telecom, satellites, everything electrical in the path of the CME will be destroyed by the intense radiation, heat & energy. 

Without electricity most ovens, toasters, microwaves, fridges, freezers, vacuum cleaners, dish & clothing washers & dryers, heat pumps, gas stations, banks, credit cards, debit cards, all of these things do not work if the power is out for prolonged periods. After 2 weeks of no electrical power, advanced society falls apart. After 2 months without electricity, violent chaos erupts as armed gangs go roving for resources to survive- willing to kill off anyone that gets in their way. After 6 months more than 80% of the human population will be dead from starvation or crime. 

This is why electricity & energy are the most important topic. Fuel as energy essential for the machines of war to function. This is why the west won WWII, better fuel supply chain logistics, or continually well fueled. This is why many wars are actually about money, power, oil, fuel, or energy, control of gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, kerosine, propane, butane, hydrogen. Daniel Yergin's "The Prize, An Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power" a great primer on this subject, as is the 13-part Amazon Prime video series adapted from it in 1994, which is also narrated by Donald Sutherland. 

Let's consider why petroleum-based fuels are so potent. Energy density of gasoline 12,000 watt hours per kilogram & it's a liquid at room temperatures, easily able to be pumped from a gas pump handle or  poured from a gas can into a gas tank for a vehicles engine to burn in the piston cylinders where fuel & air are mixed to make a hot expanding gas pressure that shoves the piston down, turning the crank, which spins the shafts connected eventually to the wheel to accelerate the vehicle. 

Propane in standardized barbeque tanks hold around 4.6 gallons of propane as a pressurized gas liquid at about 150 PSI in grey or white painted steel tanks with brass fill & connection valve up top. Propane cheaper than gasoline, so some gasoline vehicles are retrofitted with propane tanks & propane engine fueling gear, such that the vehicle now uses propane as fuel & no longer uses gasoline. In Germany this propane vehicle conversion popular because it is reducing fuel operating costs by 50% or more vs the higher cost gasoline available locally. 

Propane also much cleaner burning than gasoline, but the pressurized tanks to store it onboard the vehicle take up more volume & weight more than the original gasoline tank, and generally result in less total range per fill-up. The now propane fueled engine performance often reduced due to slower throttling, less torque, & less max power. For commuting at legal speeds this is rarely a problem, and as a result many trash trucks locally in Puget Sound, King County, Wa, USA are fueled by CNG or compressed natural gas, which is chemically & energetically similar to propane or butane & stored in similar pressurized tanks. 

Like CNG stations, Propane refueling stations have slower more complicated fill-ups & are generally not as widely accessible as common gasoline stations that sell unleaded regular, plus & premium grades of gasoline. This means that a CNG or Propane vehicle fuel conversion not feasible or practical in all locals. In South Korea, many turbo-diesel trucks have been retrofitted with DME fueling systems, as DME much cheaper & much cleaner burning than diesel fuel. 

DME also increases the performance of the engines, reduces emissions, and makes the oil last a lot longer, just like oil life in the CX Honda Civic Natural Gas version lasts 15,000 mi & comes out clean looking during the service. DME, CNG, Propane, Butane, Ethanol, Methanol, there are many fuels that burn cleaner than gasoline & cost less as well. You might think that if these cleaner burning fuels are also cheaper, then why are more vehicles not sold with alternative fueling technology?

The answer, most automakers are stupid, ignorant, lazy, greedy & confused. They keep selling the same old cheap establish technology over & over as if nothing new had been invented, and many new cars sold today barely get above 27 MPG average in the real world, even though Toyota can get the 1.6L turbo engine of the GR corolla to make 300 HP with class leading thermal efficiency.

GDI or gasoline direct injection, turbo charging & engine displacement reduction did not even start happening until the 2.0 L turbo engine became the prime mover powerplant in more than 700 different models of cars & SUV's or automobiles on sale today worldwide. In the more niche market in low volumes we see some really extreme engineering take form :) This is my cup of tea, the TFG from Koenigsegg. 

Engineering Explained Jason explains the Koenigsegg TGF https://youtu.be/WwlNqaz9q_0?si=ovVP4J6HHxOxYdDl

The Koenigsegg Tiny Friendly Giant 2L Turbo engine with cam-less free-valve system, achieves 15-25% higher fuel efficiency, while cold start emissions are 60% less. A small turbo for one set of valves, a larger turbo for the other; made of low mass (whole engine only 154lbs or 70 kg) via in part its magnesium alloy block & head. The TGF makes 600 hp (450kW @ 7500 RPM, with 443-ft-lbF (601 N*M) torque at 2000 RPM & 295 ft-lbF (400 N*M) torque @1700 RPM. WRX, GR Yaris, and GR Corolla, means that Subaru (Fuji) and Toyota Gazoo Racing have some engineering competition to aspire towards. TFG at 29 PSI boost shoves 3X more air into the 3 big cylinders than the Honda S2000 engine. ** Though this not exactly widely available even though Christian himself talked about Freevalve in 2015 & the Gemera featuring the TFG mated with 3 electric motors & an 800v 16kWh battery, slated originally for 2020 MY not entering production until 2024 now.  



Meta Material Cloaking Stealth Technology

I highly recommend that you watch this YouTube video from New Mind about Meta Materials 

Click blue link to view video documentary-> https://youtu.be/5v1ilFCOOCw?si=payewa6Yh4sP1MMr

SAR or synthetic aperture radar for defense, aerospace, ADAS on new automobiles, for drone imaging, mapping, surveillance, mining, manufacturing, surveying, construction, robotics, synthetic vision systems, for Robot navigation systems & awareness systems, for applied artificial intelligence in fridges, microwave ovens, clothing washers, dryers, ultrasonic showers, home energy improvement automation & smart home security, for controlled access doorways or entry control systems, & in many other research, commercial & industrial systems like NDT or non-destructive-testing for QA:QC in manufacturing

For trains, airplanes, cars, trucks, busses, motorcycles, wearable airbag systems, VTOL personal electric aircraft including wearable electric helicopter backpacks & similar electric paramotors, & many other kinds of drones & flyable machines. On ships, boats, yachts, for weather monitoring, for navigation, for other vehicle detection, for object avoidance, crash avoidance systems, & other transport machines like trains, trams, even chair lifts to improve safety. 

The idea can be broadly applied in smart fabrics, smart shoes, smart clothes, smart jackets, smart gloves & many other emerging IoT wearables, biomonitoring devices like Apple Watch, Fitbit or Samsung Gear, in medical imaging MRI, CT Scanning, even Optical Laser & LED imaging of flesh & tissue in dermatology, even for orthodontic patients for mouth geometry scanning. To control fast flux resin 3D microwave cure printing with greater resolution. 

The number of ways meta materials can be used to improve and optimized nearly everything well beyond my descriptive abilities or writing throughput time limits to dedicate, but visit the wiki article (click blue text ->) Metamaterial - Wikipedia 



Flooding Followed by Drought & Fire / Negative Feedback Cycles of Climate Change

Trillions of tons of pollutants, microplastics, e-waste, trash, tire tread erosion, studded tire street erosion, acid rain corrosion, air pollutants, land pollutants, water pollutants, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, insecticides & soil & nutrient runoff. 

https://youtu.be/cuRHkIhdPMU?si=XNacGzoixNkxO8VY

Forest fires & brush fires during prolonged droughts with hotter dry weather followed by intense atmospheric river flooding big wed torrential floods that ruin landscapes & cities, washing away vehicles & buildings, & decimating farms & agriculture. Fires followed by flooding, a vicious cycle of decay of entropy & chaos made worse by ongoing carbon emissions as decarbonization efforts applied so far similar to a lit candle vs a hurricane. 

Coal cheap, & that is why we are still burning crude toxic basic fossil fuels for heat, power & energy, even though doing so creates tons of air pollution, acid rain, & water pollution, making climate change worse in ways that seems to damage everything as noted above with increasing flooding intensity, longer drier droughts & fires, and a cycle of flooding & fire that tears landscapes of the human world & nature apart faster than ever before, made worse by ongoing combustion of all sorts of carbon & hydrocarbon fuels, or human activity the world over known as globalization & industrialization or worldwide economic development. 

In other words, turning a blind eye to all the world's problems so a few eliter income earners can boost their personal wealth at the expense of destroying nature & other people's lives. Or, radical selfishness, greed & narcissism increasing as sleazy immoral unethical criminals occupy seats of power in world governments like Donal Trump or his longtime friend Vladimir Putin, for former lifelong friend Jeffry Epstein who made a pyramid scheme out of abusing teenage girls with his now imprisoned ex-girlfriend Gislain Maxwell coordinating & organizing the $200 per person payment scheme. 

It costs a lot to run for public office, to become a congress person or senator in America. This means that billionaires, lobbyists they control & large corporations execute corruption with campaign donations or what is effectively campaign bribery "in exchange for special favors." So, for example, the way that Coca Cola can get away with selling sugary tooth eating soda pop to people in Mexican cities where the water too polluted to consume, in a economic profit scheme that benefits Coca Cola, while increasing obesity rates, kidney failure rates, cancer rates, diabetes & heart disease rates, all caused by excess consumption of sugar dense Mexican Coca-Cola or other kinds of sugary soda or pop sold locally in many cities with low quality or polluted water in Mexico & even some parts of America. 

Yes, I am saying that soda pop a dose dependent toxic substance like ethanol or alcohol or alcoholic beverages, beer, wine & spirits. Think about how much drunk driving costs economies, damaging people lives with car accidents that kill innocent people prematurely, while maiming & causing lifelong disabilities to even more people hurt badly in car accidents caused by drunk driver failures & mistakes made by people driving while intoxicate from drinking alcoholic beverages. 

Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider Strategic Bomber

B-21 Raider 6th Gen Steal Bomber + Intelligence

Developed for the United States Air Force (USAF) by Northrop Grumman as part of the Long Range Strike Bomber (LRS-B) program, it is a long-range, stealth intercontinental strategic bomber for the USAF, able to deliver conventional and thermonuclear weapons.

Air Force intends the B-21 to replace the Rockwell B-1 Lancer, the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit, and the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress.

Planning for the B-21 in 2011 and awarded development contract in 2015. B-21 made its first flight on 10 November 2023. Expected to enter service by 2027.

Aspects of the B-21 program highly classified; the program designated as a special access program. The Congressional Research Service noted in 2021 that the B-21's technical details and specifications, such as speed, enabling systems, "size, required stealth, structure, number and type of engines, projected weapons, and onboard sensors remain classified" although some information about various other aspects of the program have been made public since 2015.

The first photos of the aircraft were released on 2 December 2022, taken during a rollout ceremony at Northrop Grumman's production facilities in Palmdale, California.

The classified Long Range Strike Bomber (LRS-B) program began in 2011, and the Air Force issued a request for proposal to develop a LRS-B aircraft in July 2014. 

A development contract was awarded to Northrop Grumman in October 2015.

Boeing and Lockheed Martin, who submitted losing bids for the project, filed bid protests; in October 2016, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) rejected the challenges and sustained the USAF's decision to award the LRS-B contract to Northrop Grumman. 

The GAO report revealed that cost was the deciding factor in selecting Northrop Grumman over the Boeing-Lockheed Martin team.

Management and acquisition of the B-21 program is being overseen by the Air Force Rapid Capabilities Office, rather than through the traditional military-procurement process. However, the B-21 program remains subject to the Nunn–McCurdy reporting requirements to Congress.

A 2015 media report said the Air Force wanted the bomber to also function as an intelligence collection platform, battle manager, and interceptor aircraft. 

In 2016, then–Secretary of the Air Force Deborah Lee James said that the B-21 would be a "fifth-generation global precision attack platform" with networked sensor-shoot capability. Northrop Grumman describes the B-21 as "the world's first sixth-generation aircraft."

At the 2016 Air Warfare Symposium, Air Force officials announced that the LRS-B would be formally designated "B-21" because the aircraft would be the 21st century's first bomber. 

In September 2016, Air Force officials announced that the B-21 would be named "Raider" in honor of the Doolittle Raiders. Retired Lt. Col. Richard E. Cole, then the last living member of the Doolittle Raiders, was present at the naming ceremony at the Air Force Association conference.

In March 2016, the USAF announced seven tier-one suppliers for the program: Pratt & Whitney, BAE Systems, Spirit AeroSystems, Orbital ATK, Rockwell Collins, GKN Aerospace, and Janicki Industries

In 2016, the F-35 program manager Chris Bogdan said the B-21's engines would be similar enough to the F-35's Pratt & Whitney F135 engine to reduce its cost. The program completed its critical design review in December 2018.

In January 2020, Air Force officials released new B-21 renderings, showing the distinctive flush and blended inlets and the two-wheel main landing gear design. The drawing appeared to show a smaller, lighter aircraft than the B-2.

The cockpit windows of the B-21 are unique to the aircraft, and designed to eliminate joints and seams to minimize its radar cross-section.

In September 2022, the USAF announced that the B-21 was to be unveiled in early December 2022 at Northrop Grumman's production facilities in Palmdale, California. The ceremony took place on 2 December 2022. At the unveiling, Northrop CEO Kathy Warden said that the B-21 is designed with modular, open systems architecture to allow easy upgrades[a] and, potentially, the ability to export components to foreign buyers. Warden said that the B-21's internal operations were "extremely advanced compared to the B-2" and that the B-21 was slightly smaller than the B-2, with a longer range.

The first B-21 at Northrop's Plant 42 in Palmdale, California in November 2022

In February 2016, the head of the Air Force Global Strike Command said he expected the service would place an initial order for 100 B-21s and build up to a full fleet of 175 to 200. In 2017, two USAF studies suggested that Air Force could increase its initial purchase from 80-to-100 to 145 aircraft

Assembly of the B-21 takes place at the United States Air Force Plant 42 near Palmdale, California, at the same facility Northrop Grumman used during the 1980s and 1990s to build B-2 bombers.

In January 2017, Northrop Grumman was awarded a $35.8 million contract modification for a large coatings' facility at Plant 42, to be completed by the end of 2019. The contract announcement did not specifically mention B-21, but the facility was likely meant for B-21 stealth coating. By the summer of 2019, it was reported that construction of the first aircraft was underway. In early 2021, several media outlets reported that as completion of the first B-21 approached, construction on the second unit had begun.

By February 2022, six B-21s were under construction. The first B-21 was moved to a calibration facility the following month. About 8,000 Northrop Grumman employees had worked on the program with more than 400 suppliers from at least 40 states.

In September 2023, program officials said fueling and engine tests were proceeding ahead of the anticipated first flight by year's end. The first test flight of the B-21 took place on November 10, 2023 at the Air Force's Plant 42 in Palmdale, California

In July 2016, the USAF said it would not release the estimated cost of Northrop's B-21 contract, asserting that the number would reveal too much information about the classified project to potential adversaries. 

The Senate Armed Services Committee also voted to not publicly release the program's cost, restricting the information to congressional defense committees over the objections of a bipartisan group of legislators led by the committee's chairman, Senator John McCain.

McCain's proposed revisions to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 would have reduced authorization for the B-21 program by $302 million "due to a lower-than-expected contract award value", while requiring "strict ...program baseline and cost control thresholds", "quarterly program performance reports", and "disclosure of the engineering and manufacturing development total contract award value."

The versions of the 2017 NDAA as initially passed by the House and Senate would have required public disclosure of the total cost of the B-21, but this provision was removed in the final conference report version.

In December 2022, the cost of a B-21 aircraft was estimated to be $700 million. At the time, Air Force officials estimated that they would spend at least $203 billion over 30 years to develop, purchase, and operate a fleet of 100 B-21s.

Maintenance and sustainment of the B-21[a] will be coordinated by Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma, while Edwards Air Force Base, California, will lead testing and evaluation.

The B-21 is expected to operate from bases that currently host heavy bombers, such as Dyess Air Force Base, Texas; Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota; and Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri. In March 2019, Ellsworth was selected as the base to host the first operational B-21 unit, as well as the first training unit.

The B-21 is slated to, by 2040, replace the U.S. Air Force's 45 B-1 strategic bombers, which date from the 1980s, and 20 B-2 strategic bombers, which date from the 1990s. The B-21 may also eventually replace the B-52, which is slated to remain in service for many decades.

In March 2022, Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall III raised the possibility of a bomber drone to work with the bomber, but the idea was later dropped because it would not save much money to produce such a large, unmanned aircraft.

The USAF is also planning to acquire a new long-range fighter from its Next Generation Air Dominance program, known as the F-X or "Penetrating Counter-Air", to escort the B-21 deep into enemy territory and help it survive enemy air defenses and intercepting fighters.

In December 2022, an Australian Strategic Policy Institute report advocated the acquisition of a number of B-21 Raiders to enable Australia to have a greater long-range strike capability.

The report states that a B-21 could fly 2,500 miles (4,000 km) without refueling while carrying more munitions as compared to the maximum 930 miles (1,500 km) range of the RAAF's F-35 fighter jets, which require air-to-air refueling. A single B-21 can also deliver the same impact as several F-35As. Additionally, the B-21 can attack targets from secure air bases located in Australia's south, with greater proximity to more personnel, fuel, and munitions.

During bilateral talks held in August 2022, it was reported that the US might allow Australia to procure the B-21. When asked if the US would consider allowing Australia to join in developing the B-21 bomber, Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall stated, "I don't think that there's any fundamental limitation on the areas in which we can cooperate. If Australia had a requirement for long-range strike, then we'd be willing to have a conversation with them about that." 

However, the Defense Strategic Review released by the Australian government on 24 April 2023 stated that the B-21 was not considered a suitable option for acquisition. Australia will instead invest in the upgrading of its F-35As and F/A-18Fs to the latest Block 4 and Block III configurations, respectively, to enable both aircraft to be capable of launching the AGM-158C LRASM and the Joint Strike Missile.


Economy of the USA in a Downturn *About to Take a Dump worse than 2008*

Telsa Motors started selling Model S, Model 3, Model X, and Model Y new at 20-40% discounts to stimulate sales, lowering their profit margins on each unit from ~26% to ~17% angering investors in Telsa Stock TSLA & people who recently purchased new Tesla EV's at full price before the discounts.

Buyers of the Cyber Truck also have to sign a special end user agreement that prevent them from selling their new 2024-25 MY Cyber Truck for an entire year to prevent scalping or selling them at a premium to other buyers further out on the waiting list. 

Scalping Products on Waiting Lists

Some sleazy people do this, they get in on an early deposit for a new very popular emerging product, then as soon as they get theirs, they immediately list it for 20-50% more than the full purchase price to make a quick profit at someone else's expense. 

Failing Fiat Currencies

Fiat Currencies like the Euro, RMB & USD are losing value rapidly now in a kind of hyperinflation style loss of the average person's buying power or purchasing parity, making all of life's basics proportionately more expensive for the general public, normal families, and even high-income earners or the upper middle class or lower upper class income earners. 

Real Estate Debacle Unfolding

Home prices in many US cities & other developed locals in wealthier nations are so expensive that working families are being forced to move away from these cities, it what could reasonably be called extensive gentrification. 

Rent prices for even a basic apartment nearby, with utilities & parking can cost north of $2,000 per month. (See King County Real Estate Bubble 2023) / this is in part because inventories for homes listed still 45% lower than pre-Covid19 levels, causing bidding wars on used home purchases. 

Upside Down Mortgages

Many recent home buyers will find themselves upside down with mortgages, having recently overpaid for a home as the bottom falls out of the real estate markets in America. This means people will owe the banks more than they can sell their homes for, or negative equity, especially when factoring in closing costs of actually selling the home down the road or in the future. 

Economic Inverse Precious Metal Investing

Buy Gold, Platinum, Silver, Cobalt, Nickle, Mercury, Rhodium, Palladium, when value low, sell the metals when value high & cash in on the inverse relationship between the economic health & metal prices. When the economy sick or going downhill the metal prices climb. When the economy recovering strength or going strong the price of precious metals declines. 

If you look at precious metal prices, they tend to have a negative correlation with the strength of a currency or the economy & industrial military complex that issues that fiat currency, like the Pentagon & the USD respectively vs the cost of Gold or Silver. As the USD weakens the precious metals become more expensive. 

Many precious metal investors hedge bet against the economy by buying precious metals when the currency strong at lower prices per once, then when the currency weakens & the value of the precious metal surges, the high liquidity of the metal coins or bars means that hedging metal better can cash out the metal for lots of the devalued currency to pay as good against all public & private debts, in God We Trust like the United States Dollars :) 

WARNING
TAKE THIS SERIOUSLY

Mark my words, by 2025 the US Economy will be in shambles, automobile sales will radically decline, currency inflation will increase, the price of food & fuel will climb rapidly, and large swaths of the middle class in America will be destroyed. 

Layoffs will increase as unemployment surges. The state will send out stimulus payments & alternative minimum income to people on unemployment, like they did during covid as the economy tanks worse than the 2008 mortgage market failure epidemic did, in a way that causes many world economies that adopted fiat currencies to also experience radical economic loses. 

It's going to make the future harder, less nice, more expensive & more unfair. Income inequality will continue increasing, as will merger & Acquistion monopoly formation. The words first Trillionaires will emerge as the wealthiest individuals in the world, a few of whom will have more money personally than even developed larger whole country economies. 

Crude Oil, Petrolium, Gasoline & Diesel vs Decarbonization & Climate Change

You can solar power you home with 40kWh of mono-crystaline PERN all N-Type 2023 state-of-the art or CIGS Bouge RV for ever more $ & there are even some government incentives to lower your solar roof upgrade so you can charge your EV or it & your whole home 30kWh energy storage UPS battery with grid inter-tie. 

But that is a spit in the energy bucket for society on Earth as a whole.

Even if 20% of all peoples had a big home solar PV array & battery power automobile, that leaves the other 80% to use natural gas, gasoline, diesel & jet fuel. Thats a far cry from the world today in terms of PV or BEV market penetration in the signal digit percentages. 

From cow fart harvesting with tubes up their butt's into large plastic bags, to biogas collected from compost, yard waste, or even landfill gas recovery, we are talking about drops in the energetic budget.

To energize all economies in the world today, we need trillions of watts continually. I am talking about thousands of GW scale nuclear reactors. I am talking about today in the USA using 370 million gallons of gasoline daily. If each gallon contains 34kWh of thermal chemical energy, thats 370,000,000 X 34,000 watts, or 12.5 Trillion Watt Hour of chemical energy. 

Lets use the latest bifacial PERC N-Type solar PV module that makes 400W of DC at 51.8vdc (calc for camps) for 3hr per day average over the whole year as an example. That means 1,200 watt hours per day. We would need 10.5 billion of these 400W panels to make all of that energy as electricity. But the cost to store it in batteries for 24-to-96 hours makes the $400 panels look cheap. The LCOE of Solar PV + Battery Energy Storage means electricity that costs $0.34-68 per kWh when the current national average only $0.14/ kWh. That makes conventional giga-watt scale fission power reactors seem cheap. No free lunch in physics & making those solar PV modules not eco-friendly either. 

You know there is an eco-friendly way to make use of solar & batteries, living in a tiny home & use the entire roof for as much PV as possible, a super energy efficient Sunfrost Fridge, air-source mini-split heat pump with COP of 7.1 premium efficiency (best fan blade, axial fan motor, all copper nickel alloys palladium plated corrosion resistant heat exchangers)(best working fluid, most insulated pipes) best case, all LED mostly automatic off motion sensing long life lighting, ultrasonic shower, super low energy everything. You can reduce your home energy footprint & driving a hybrid or plug in hybrid or BEV, live closer to work, work from home, use less water, use less electricity, use less heat, tolerate colder in the winter, warmer in the summer, be less wasteful & more efficient. You can compost poo outside & tinkle on it too. But what about the other 8 billion people? Can we make one of each of those for everyone? No, it’s important to understand that a 6kw 24/7/364 life for someone using only solar all year with no grid assuming 10% output needs to make 24kw for a 4 person house use, and that’s using solar that would need to be 2400kw of PV or a giant 600 array of 400w panels in a 20x30 array -^^ and some serious wiring & mounting & inverters & battery energy storage // the extra solar made in summer would have to be exported back into a large utility grid inter-tie ac IO with disconnect breaker & two way meter for in and out metering or net metering. Most home roofs can handle 10-30kw of PV panels by comparison / so you can only go all solar with extreme energy conservation & super energy efficient appliances like the SunFrost fridge made to order in California USA that uses 90% less energy than a similar typical fridge. 

Obviously many homes with 15kw or less of solar & a 10kWh or smaller battery can energize wifi & an LED LCD or OLED TV & laptop & smartphones & microwave & stove & hot water, even AC & heat, showers, toilets, the trick not to waste energy & using natural gas or propane for water heating, cooking, and air heating helps to reduce the need for bigger batteries and more watts of solar PV 

Now let’s consider the billions of existing fossil fueled vehicles of all kinds, from the Tesla Model Y, or XW60 Prius w/196HP & eAWD, to the latest Boeing 737 or Airbus A380 / they all have a carbon footprint. Don’t think for one second that electricity for charging that Model Y is not causing carbon emissions. Even fission power has a diesel mining supply chain to mine, refine, and distribute the radioactive enriched element fuels used to make the fission reaction achieve criticality with the nuclear sustained neutron flux fission reaction! 

All human activities have a carbon footprint since fissile fuels like gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, coal, propane, butane, even biomass like wood, waste incineration, natural gas, biogas, biofuels, methanol, ethanol, MTBE, and many more. Add in plastics & polymers made from crude oil, there is oil in many plastics & carpet fibers & carbon fibers & Kevlar & NOMEX, poly this or acrylic that, there is crude oil or carbon energy or carbon chemistry everywhere. So there is no getting away from carbon footprints or the hard on damaging nature aspects of industrial activity to enable 8 billion people to live at the same time! 


OURA Smart Ring Gen 3 vs Apple Watch Series 8

Firstly, wear your Apple Watch on the inside of your wrist, so the light sensors & LED’s can be closer to your arteries like the OURA ring is when mounted to a finger. 

This is why OURA smart-ring gets superior bio data from the finger mounted sensors vs an Apple Watch worn on the outside of the wrist like a traditional analog or digital wristwatch. 

Wearing your Apple Watch facing your body will also help to protect the screen from damage when you swing your hand & arm out while moving. On the downside, carrying large or hard or very heavy items in your hands does increase the risk a screen damage with it mounted inside your wrist. 

Apple Watch Has Many More Functions than Gen 3 OURA smart-ring! 

Do you want to take or make phone calls or text messages or use GPS navigation, or get SP02 pulse oximetry or breathing rate, automatic fitness tracking activation, EKG, satellite emergency contact, iOS iPhone ecosystem seamless integration with Apple Health & no recurring monthly charges for the full functions? 

If you value having timers and alerts with sounds & haptic vibration feedback, then your probably going to want to get the Series 8 or Series 9 Apple Watch or Ultra 1 or Ultra 2 Apple Watch / that is if you're ok with charging your Apple Watch daily for 20-90 min while you're not moving much so you don’t miss capturing some of your activity, step count or cardio scoring or sleep tracking, like when you're driving too & from work. 

I charge my iPhone 14 & Apple Watch Series 8 in my car while commuting either too or from, when driving for 10-40 min at a time, and sometimes at home first thing in the morning for 20 min while I enjoy some coffee & do a fasting blood glucose test with a finger prick tiny blood drop into a test strip loaded into the glucometer / 85 this morning. 

Quick 20-40 min Charging Makes Lithium Electronics Batteries Last

Short burst charging LiPo batteries like the ones used in virtually all consumer electronics & smartphones & internet of things or iOT, makes the lithium-ion polymer sealed hard to replace batteries last 5x to 10x longer for many years with much less capacity loss. 

It’s the top 10% from 90% to 100% that causes the loss of lithium stuck in the electrode or capacity loss, as does draining the battery below 10%. 

Also known as the 30-to-80% long life battery charging trick- it improves LiPo lithium cobalt oxide recharge cycle life from 500-to-1000 deep cycles to 10,000-to-25,000 shallow cycles. That means your device battery will being going strong for 5-8 years instead of faded capacity badly after only 3 years. 

You can also have a device repair shop 3rd party or Apple Store replace the battery in iPhone or Apple Watch or MacBook or iPad with an official newer Apple verified OEM type battery. 

Battery Replacement / Faded Lost Capacity, Puffing & or Venting Smoke & Flame

I have no idea about OURA Gen 1 or Gen 2 or Gen 3 battery replacement, which might be difficult given the thin titanium ring case covering the internal electronics & battery in the smart wring. 

This is similar to iPods or wireless earbuds with sealed non-user-replaceable fade prone when fully charged lithium-ion batteries. Yes, charging to 100% causes the battery chemistry used in most electronics to break down faster. 

LiPo & Lithium Ion Cell Failure

Many drone batteries are well known to swell up at end-of-life as LiPo subjected to 10C or 20C or higher high current discharge to power drone motors & electronics & radios tend to break down after only 100-to-200 charge cycles, having less runtime & becoming puffy or swollen as gas pressure from the heat evaporated flammable electrolyte used in LiPo has nowhere to go and pressurizes the aluminum coated Mylar wrapped around the LiPo cell core. 

Known as LiPo expansion, it can give rise to a lithium-ion battery venting with blue toxic smoke & hot flame failure if the puffing while charged or charging causes the polymer wrap to tear open on something sharp inside the device, a corner & metal bracket, & the cathode material containing cobalt violently interaction chemically with any water or moisture in the air. This is in part why EV battery fires are so hard to extinguish safely, since spraying water at such makes the reaction proceed more energetically. 

787 APU Short Circuit Battery Fires

Boeing notoriously had problems with the 787 lithium-ion battery venting with flame & smoke. Rose Electronics used KOKAM batteries; supplied to the FAA for approval of lithium-ion battery packs (Mobile Power solutions) for 787 flight safety verification, a problem because Rose Electronics typically a satellite manufacturing company who made the alpha approval battery packs in a clean room in signal digit quantities, custom made by scientist in white bunny suits on special expensive custom lithium-ion satellite battery making equipment purged with argon & equipped with precise temperature control laser welding. 

When GS Yuasa used methods of manufacture that introduced defects into the cells, this resulted in thermal runway of Boeing Dreamliner 787 APU flight batteries. Short circuiting from cell tearing not overcharging was the problem. The foil folding method & closure method used by GS Yuasa introduced irregular surface pressure between the compressed cells. This caused mechanical tearing as thermal cycling causing slight expansion & contraction of the entire unit & its contents. The surface irregularity resulted in the short circuiting. 

Safer chemistries than Lithium Cobalt Oxide are now available in aerospace as a result. Cobalt also a conflict mineral of great cost in many ways, not only expensive as metal, but produce with child & slave labor by violent guerilla mobs or gangs or war lords in the DRC or Democratic Republic of the Congo. Cobalt also used to make exceptional metal alloys & super alloys & dental alloys, and some artificial joint parts for joint replacement surgeries, even though replacement sort of a misnomer given what happens in a typical knee replacement or shoulder replacement surgery.

Why Device Repair Consumer Protection Laws Important

I have long advocated for device repair ethics to reduce e-waste formation as many electrons with faded sealed batteries are throw away after a few years, since the non-user-replaceable sealed lithium-ion batteries are faded, making the runtime of such devices far worse than when the batteries were brand new a few years ago. 

Apple uses polymer adhesive pulls tabs and similar easily defeated with a pipette of IPA or isopropyl alcohol which softens the Apple Battery adhesives to make battery replacement easier. 

You just gently pull and wiggle the stretchy pull tab until it makes a guitar string "twang" like sound followed by a "pop" noise & snap as it finally lets go, liberating the iPhone or Apple Watch battery cell so you can replace it with the one you got with step by step how to instructions with images and or special tools needed from www.ifixit.com or search google for “I fix It Device repair” /

New 2025 EU or European Union consumer protection laws about electronic device repair means that user replaceable device electronics batteries will be on most future consumer electronics. 

The era of sealed fade prone flammable LiPo dooming a device to e-waste with 3 years will fade away as more people will keep their $1000+ smartphones for 5-8 years, just as people are staying in their homes without selling or listing longer and why most people are keeping their cars longer now. 

The global economy in a stagflation debacle kicked off by Covid19 killing thousands of businesses, supply chain shortages, out of stock and back orders, and currency inflation of common fiat currencies like the RMB in, USD in America, the Pesso in Mexico, or Euro in the EU respectively. That means that the average person's buying power getting worse with time. 

Purchasing parity problems means that food, fuel, rent, and energy prices will keep rising as wages can’t keep up with the increasing costs of life’s basics. This also means that more people will stop having children, causing inverted population pyramids to form, which is bad because elder peoples cost more in terms of costly care & most are not able to work or be productive members of a home or workplace, making older populations more costly to government, noting also that older people generally cannot produce children or are no longer fertile. This creates population loss and a loss of tax paying workers in society which mean a negative feedback loop for the economy. 

Consider also the cost of waging war and the war in the Ukraine or Israel. Consider the cost of running the huge military industrial complex. A typical machine gun can shoot $90 or more of ammo per minute of operation. A typical military aircraft costs $3000-to-$25,000 per hour to operate. Wars typically cost tens to hundreds of billions in direct costs and trillions in long term costs. A lot of people die because of war, yet the same kinds of problems continue unsolved. 

Societal decay, social division, depression, anxiety, elevated suicide rates, elevated divorces, more fatherless households, more anxiety and fear driven medicals, sleep disorders, more preventable diseases, dietary excess or imbalances, more intoxicant cannabis & alcohol abuse, more drug abuse, more drunk driving & smartphone use driving accidents, more negative news, more damage to nature, more pollution into ecosystems, worse accelerated climate change, more micro-plastics, more air pollution, more oil spills & other water pollution, less land for animals, more fallout & decay from global industrialization. 

It's clearly not all roses & sunshine out there. No one can pass a law that's realistically enforceable to make children love their parents or parents love their children. In other words, we cannot enforce morality & ethics are the granular personal level if people are unwilling to be accountable when no one else is watching. 

To have good happy society you must educated people into being people with personal integrity, moral courage. This is why I am teaching you how to get more life out of your electronics batteries, so that I can help anyone who reads this reduce e-waste creation by getting more useful life out of their existing smartphone, smart watch other electronics with rechargeable lithium-ion batteries easily damaged by 100% charging. 

Most normally people are not maniacal or cold or mean spirited like those wacko despots that no one likes in world governments, criminals and sickos. Most people that I talk to about any of these issues say things like "I think it's sickening what some of these warped elite income people do to children with child trafficking", without exclusion every doctor I have every spoken with about pollution says that pollutants from industrial emissions are the direct cause of many diseases that people suffer from. That many kinds of pollution cause a lot of earlier preventable death from many kinds of cancers. 

At the age of 16 I was riding my 21-speed mountain bike up cougar mountain to 900ft of elevation around the snow-level in winter. During this ride I was full out cardio max cranking the pedals & breathing so hard that squeaking out more than a few a word was hard to do before taking the next breath. A middle-aged man driving an older F350 diesel up the hill, fogging me with toxic smelling soot fumes & particles that I was breathing while working out full tilt.

I thought "Something is wrong with this situation, because clearly that man was not trying to fog me with toxic emissions while I was working out breathing as hard as I could. Furthermore, the driver of the truck might have been fully unaware of the trucks nasty emissions or how they were harming me, even if just psychologically. 

During college I learned about the externalities of fossil fuels, specifically in traffic, where tailpipe emissions of fossil fuel engine vehicles are breathed into the lungs of other motorists, increasing their risks for developing brain damage, kidney damage, COPD, asthma & other health problems associated with breathing engine exhaust emissions. It's the particles, fumes, unburned fuel, HC vapors, ringed molecules, aromatics & other soot, fine & super fine particulate, the oxides of nitrogen & sulfur, these are the toxic parts of the exhaust that harm public health. The CO & CO2 only make the water vapor or H20 gas emissions slightly acidic. 

But acid rain forms from the interaction of fossil fuel combustion emissions with rainwater, and increases corrosion of vehicles of all kinds, buildings & infrastructure, acid rain is also toxic to marine wildlife, lakes, rivers, streams & oceans via acidification that reduces oxygen levels in the water, causing hypoxic shock of fish & other marine life & marine animals. Run off of nutrients like soluble nitrogen from industrial farms also feeds algal blooms that kill off other marine life. 

You might wonder what all this has in common with making batteries last longer, well e-waste one of the most toxic kinds of pollution. Due to the way chipsets & device electronics boards are made, all the various heavy metal & rare earth metals are mixed up in a complicated hard to separate way that makes e-waste recycling complicated to process chemically. 

New e-waste recycles & lithium-ion battery recyclers actually grind up the input stream of e-waste & then use strong acids, polymer beads & exotic rate earth recovery chemistry to extract & purify cobalt, copper, gold, platinum, silver, nickel, lanthanum, niobium, boron, aluminum, strontium, tantalum, ruthenium, vanadium, titanium, stainless steel, cerium, zirconium, tin, gallium, indium, silicon, germanium, & many other elements. 

Even the human body contains more than 126 elements from the periodic table. We do not chemically recycle people yet for the same reasons that e-waste recycling complicated & not cost effective until scaled up & centralized at industrial giga-scale, the way that Lead-Acid (PbA, SLI, AGM) 12v car, motorcycle, marine & RV battery recycling of Lead in the United States an ecological miracle in a sense, especially given the vast scale of such activity. This is also why baking bread at home not as cost efficient as buying it while you are already at the store getting other food items for your kitchen or pantry or food storage inventory. 

Battery Energy Density vs Power Density for BEV or Battery Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicles need dense batteries so they can have more range per charge, but the EV battery must also have high peak power for pleasing acceleration performance, regen, & fast charging

Consider energy density like the size of a pool & how much water it can hold
Power density or peak current like the size of the hose diameter or flow rate to fill or empty the pool

Historically the first widely available EV battery was lead acid from 1870 France, Gaston Plante
It only has about 30 to 50-watt hours per kg
Last 50 deep cycles before cell shedding damages
Later glass matt in AGM increased deep cycling to 350 full cycles

Next NiCD or nickel cadmium batteries used in many early power tool packs
It has 45-to-80-watt hours per kilogram.

NiMH or nickel metal hybrid used in some early laptops & late 90s BEV's
It has 60-to-120-watt hours per kilogram

Li-Ion or Lithium Ion used in all modern electronics & EV's comes in many different chemistries
It has 50-to-260-watt hours per kilogram

Lithium Sulfur gets to 600-watt hours per kg.

Lithium Air gets to 1200-watt hours per kg. 

But cycle life, calendar life, fire safety, water safety & puncture safety important for E-Bikes, Battery Electric Automobiles & mobile electronics.

No one wants their smartphone to catch fire in their pocket or while charging on their nightstand or in their car. No one wants their smartwatch to catch fire on their wrist or its charging dock.

We know that automobiles get into energetic accidents, so BEV batteries need crush & puncture fire resistance so that EV in car accidents do not burst into flames. 

The race is on with battery companies & automakers to develop EV that can go 500-1000 mile per charge, that can accept 1,000,000 watts of charging DC from LEVEL 4 & L5 Public super-fast chargers. 

PHEV or plug-in-hybrid electric vehicles are a great bridge technology since the onboard gasoline engine generator set can act as the prime mover, to charge the battery pack, and enable road trips, while trips can be made on battery power only. This cleans up air quality in cities where PHEV & BEV are used for local passenger trips, for commuting, for going to & from a store, for groceries or other goods. 

Early BEV had less than 300 mi of range on 100kWh or lower capacity packs. The Nissan LEAF started with 24kWh, then 30kWh, then 40kWh & an SV available with 62kWh.

Better EV's come with 80kWh battery packs
Premium EV come with 100+ kWh batteries 

But the range of an EV depends strongly on driver acceleration levels, such that driving faster or accelerating rapidly drains the battery faster & reduces range per charge. 

Winter Mount Pass Worst Case EV Range Limited

Climbing a mountain pass at 70-80 miles per hour can reduce an EV battery range by 50%, especially if the cabin heater & AC used to defrost the windows & keep the cabin warm during cold winter weather, like when people go skiing or snowboard together in a Rav4 or larger SUV, such that 4 adults & all their ski or snowboard gear fits & can make it to the ski resort in a reasonable time frame. 

While the Tesla Model this or that with 300 mi of range can do it, the range in worst case winter highway more like 140mi per charge, not 300. 

Public EV Charging vs Gas Station Fill-ups

To emulate or mimic the performance & range of gasoline fueled SUV's, the BEV faces a difficult battery energy density dilemma. A sub 10 min fuel fillup hard to emulate even with fast L3 chargers, so much higher voltage & current chargers with even bigger thicker cables & the NACS port to handle that high current high voltage DC charging. 1MW super charging simulates typical gas station fuel pumping energy transfer rates. 

Gasoline has ~34kWh of power per gallon, & diesel & jet fuel are 30-40% more energy dense than gasoline, though most gasoline automobile engines can only turn about 10kWh of that fuel energy into vehicle movement. Though consider also that most SUV have gasoline tanks that hold 12-40 gallons of fuel, so that's like a battery electric vehicle with a 400kWh or 800kWh or 1mWh battery pack. 

Covering Battery Electric Vehicles with Solar PV

Using the best CIGS or multi-layer or bifacial or monocrystalline PV panels, automakers can cover the entire outside surface of BEV with about 450-900 watts of solar PV to trick charge the battery pack any time light is hitting the outer non-glass surfaces of the vehicle. But that would add thousands of costs to a new vehicle & depending on the use case can only add about 2000-9000 mi of range per year. For some, that's more miles than they drive, and if they park outside while the sun is out, even on bright cloudy winter days, in the fall or spring, PV in the vehicle surface. 

There are existing PV technologies that automakers could integrate into the multi-layer front windows of premium vehicles, that are transparent to light frequencies our eyes need to see the road ahead & to look out for hazards to avoid accidents from unpredictable events or the bad control style of low skill drivers of other vehicles nearby.

Traffic Safety Focus vs Young Children Near Roadways or Pools 

Very young children for example can spontaneously jump out from a front yard of a house or home or multi-family complex into a roadway where vehicles are traveling, giving rise to terrible deadly accidents, as do many unattended domestic swimming pools where young small children impulsively enter & end up drowning. This is why parents need to persistently monitor their small children & why some people are unfit to be parents of children or adopts pets like dogs or cats. 

Some drivers are bad a driving, causing or participating in road vehicle accidents. I have seen news videos of people in Washington State getting onto the freeway into oncoming traffic. Giant retroflected signs with WRONG WAY are on both sides of the off-ramps, so the people driving onto the freeway on the off ramp must be crazy, suicidal, drunk, intoxicate or so stupid it's easily hard to imagine how they were able to obtain car insurance or a driver's license. 

I see all of it while I am out driving School Busses filled with school children in traffic congestion on real world roads nearby. Many new drivers from all around the world have yellow stickers on the back of their vehicles saying Please Be Patient, New Driver! I consider these stickers insulting as I view driving as a privilege not a right. Drivers need more safety training, more practice with a expert driving instructor. Many of the new drivers nearby came from countries without driving history, without an automotive or automobile use history, so they are over 30 years old with no experience riding in or driving cars. 

Physics of Chemistry 

Electron energy exchange in valence shells the physics of chemical reactions #chemistry #physics #energy 

Understanding all chemical reactions comes down to electron exchange in the valence shell or outer most electron orbital shell. 

Solar PV Technology

Consider all N-type solar PV modules with greater efficiency. Or 5BB vs 9BB vs 10BB vs 16BB or bifacial panels, or CIGS, they each have cost vs performance benefits. 

While P-Type solar panels are the most common, 10BB PERC cells are the good stuff in the monocrystalline silicon PV space. All N-Type panels are expected to slowly displace the market space by taking up 1/2 of the market by 2030. P-type were the first kind, made with phosphorus doping, for space satellites where panel cost was not an issue early on in the 1960's.

There are solar electric automobiles optimized for battery electric driving with energy captured by the sky facing surfaces covered in solar PV modules. Aptera Solar Electric & Lightyear Solar Electric for example. Even the Fisker Ocean has a Solar Sky option roof package to charge up its EV batts with solar energy from the bright sky or sunlight exposure. 

Solar Warm Car Camping Kit

Many RV, boat, yacht, campers, panel vans, camping vans, glamping setups & camping tent kits make use of portable solar chargers to pump captured solar DC into a battery bank or battery generator that can charge phones, laptops, energize lights, fridges, CPAP machines, even run electric stoves or kettles to boil water, or power tools, or to charge power tool batteries. 

My $800 Toyota Corolla Hybrid trunk nap cells glamping consists of a full size 3 inch egg create memory foam cut to the shape of the weatherproof trunk liner + a 220w queen size electric blanket + a queen size plush faux furr fleece blanket + a 200w personal electric heater + a EcoFlow River 2 Max battery generator + folding DOKIO 18v 110w mono solar charger to SAE to XT60 cable that plugs into the 10-50vdc 13amp MPPT controller DC port in the River 2 Max LFP battery generator that powers my 420 watts of AC loads via its inverter & AC outlets. This system keeps me warm on cold winter days while I take 1/2 to 1.5 hour naps. Obviously the 110w panels puts out much less power on cloudy dark winter days. The 20AH LFP battery can only power my electric blanket for about 2 hours, or the warmer blanket & 200w heater for about an hour. To camp in winter all night, I would need 100Ah of battery & 400+ watts of PERC Mono PV panels & 60amp MPPT controller to keep a large 12v 100AH LFP battery charged. A sine wave inverter can then take energy from the battery & power my AC loads.